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Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Biopsychological model

A

most disorders are not caused by a single factor, they come from a mix of biological, psychological, and social factors

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2
Q

eclectic view

A

use aspects of different psychological perspectives

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3
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM

A

super controversial book
help clinicians identify mental disorders
op definitions of all the different disorders

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4
Q

deinstitutionalization

A

get people into the community

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5
Q

Neurodevelopment Disorder

A

Intellectual Disability

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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6
Q

Intellectual Disability

A

impairments of general mental abilities that impact adaptive functioning in 3 areas

  1. cognitive ability
  2. social skills
  3. life skills

symptoms begin before adulthood
comorbid with depression
ADHD, autism spectrum sexual dysfunction
severity determined by adaptive functioning

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7
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

people with ASD fall on a continuum from mild to severe

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8
Q

Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

A 
need to have symptoms in childhood 
language development 
social development 
cognitive development 
need for routine
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9
Q

language development Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

impaired delayed language development
echolalia- repeat words or phrases
confuse I or me and use

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10
Q

echolalia

A

language development Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

repeat words or phrases

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11
Q

social development Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

A 
difficulty reading others
facial expressions or body language 
withdrawn in their own world or head 
inappropriate emotions 
"egocentric-" just seem it 
lack empathetic understanding (caught up in own world, not incompassionate) 
lack imaginative play 
often don't like being touched
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12
Q

Cognitive development Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Highly intelligent to severe intellectual disability
T Grandin
A Turing

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13
Q

Need for routine Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

A 
need to follow same patterns, habits...
like schedules...
sometimes engage in repetitive movements
 -spinning 
 - head banging 
 - rocking
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14
Q

Onset and Prevalence Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

6 months to 3 years
1/88 cildren
75% both

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15
Q

Causes of Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

A 
???????
antibodies 
obese mothers
older fathers
mirror neurons ????
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16
Q

Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

intense and expensive
academic
behavioral

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17
Q

Attention Deficit and/ Hyperactivity Disorder

A

persistent pattern of inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity that interfere with functioning
must be diagnosed by a medical doctor
common diagnosis

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18
Q

Inattention part of ADHD

A 
at least 6 months 
lack of attention to detail 
doesn't follow directions 
disorganized 
trouble focusing
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19
Q

Hyperactivity/impulsivity part of ADHD

A

excessive talking
interrupting
at least 6 months

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20
Q

True or false: you need inattention and hyperactivity to have ADHD

A

false

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21
Q

Do medications cure ADHD?

A

no just short term

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22
Q

What helps ADHD long term?

A

behavioral therapy and counseling

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23
Q

Causes of ADHD

A 
????
1. television and screentime before 3 years old 
2. genetics 
3. neurotransmitter imbalance (dopamine) 
4. brainwaves
5. lead in blood 
6. family environment 
  learning 
7. Higher arousal thresholds 
  need to be more active
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24
Q

Treatment for ADHD

A

Europe- behavior coaching and diey
here- drugs and behavior
some studies indicate that drugs show benefits in short term, but, in general, in the long term, no difference between them and behavioral

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25
Q

Tourette’s

A 
multiple motor ticks and one or more verbal tick 
can occur at different times 
can change over time 
ex. clicks 
coprolalia
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26
Q

Coprolalia

A

scream obscenities in fits
can vary in severity
more males
part of Tourette’s

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27
Q

Therapy Tourette’s

A

some drugs?
cognitive behavioral?
symptoms often decrease with age

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28
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

reptitive persistent patterns of behavior basic rights or others/norms violated
deceitfulness/stealing (lie to get stuff)
physically harm
damaging property
violating rules (serious)
KIDS AND ADOLESCENTS
when they go to jail. often repeat behavior when they get out
lack of empathy
no regard for others
callous unemotional children

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29
Q

What is conduct disorder often misdiagnosed as?

A

ADHD or OCD

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30
Q

Affect

A

emotion

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31
Q

DSM criteria for Schizophrenia

A 
2 symptoms for 6 months 
 -delusions = unreal beliefs 
 - hallucinations 
 - disorganized 
 - Other symptoms 
that cause occupational or social dysfunction
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32
Q

Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic Disorder

A

greek for split mind

NOT multiple personality disorder

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33
Q

What are the two ways to classify Schizophrenia?

A

DSM-5 Criteria

Medical Model

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34
Q

Medical Model classification for Schizophrenia

A 
2 parts negative and positive symptoms 
negative symptoms 
missing behaviors that other/most people have [deficit] 
  - lack of affect (emotion) 
  - avolition- lack of drive 
       cognitive defecits
          - memory troubles 
          - executive functioning impaired (plannign decision making ) 
           - trouble communicating 
          social defecits 
            - trouble in interpersonal relationships 
positive symptoms 
have behavior most people don't have 
 - hallucinations 
 - disorganized thinking 
 - delusions
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35
Q

Onset and Prevalence of Schizophrenia

A 
about 1% of population 
high in lower SES 
beigins in teen years 
drastically reduces functions 
females show signs later than men 
20% patients deny
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36
Q

acute schizophrenia

A

sudden onset 1 event triggers

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37
Q

chronic schizophrenia

A

gradual decline in functioning

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38
Q

Prognosis of Schizophrenia

A

NIMH about 10% of Schizophrenic men commit suicide
1/3 mental hospital beds filled by schizophrenics
67% successfully treated ( with lots of support)
1/2 recover about 1/2 need ongoing support
33% not helped by treatment
80% relapse without ongoing treatment
female show signs later 20s
researchers look clues in childhood
ventricles with fluid larger

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39
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Diathesis (genetic) stressors

genetic predisposition + trauma

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40
Q

Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia

A 
genetics 
  - inherited genes? 
brain structure  and chemistry 
 - enlarged ventricles 
 -smaller prefrontal cortex 
 - amygdala 
 - excess dopamine 
viral infection 
 - correlational data 
 - colder in winter, more with schizophrenic 
 - some think genetically predisposed 
 - flu epidemic = trauma 
neural pruning 
 - neural networks in adolescence have problems 
 - in adolescence wants to be efficient 
 - may be excess pruning 
  - found schizophrenics with abnormal neural connections 
Diathesis Stress Model 
 - genetic predisposition and stressors
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41
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

significant changes in mood, energy, and activity
extreme mood swings from depression to manic episodes
- they switch
- cycles daily or every few months

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42
Q

Symptoms of mania and hypomania

A

mood changes = euphoria, extreme happiness or intense rage
cognitive changes- inflated self-esteem from wild behavior, intability to evaluate seld, thoughts all over the place
behavioral changes = very talktaitve, increased goal directed behavior
excessive involvement in pleasurable activities
very little sleep
Psychotic symptoms (hallucinations and delusions)
- mania must last 1 week for most of the day

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43
Q

Symptoms of depression (bipolar disorder)

A

mood changes = intense despair, emptiness
cognitive trouble memory and concentration
suicide ideation
behavioral change- sleep disruptions. lots ot time sleeping
eating
lose interest in pleasurable activities

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44
Q

Onset and Prevalence of Bipolar Disorder

A

-.5-1%
in males and females
early in 20s manic phase
comorbid with abuse, anxiety, PTSD, heart disease

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45
Q

Treatment for Bipolar Disorder

A

Lithium, mood stabilizing drugs

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46
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

low grade and long term bipolar
mood swings less intense
tough to diagnose
people with it tend to be moody and unpredictable
shows multiple symptoms for at least 2 years and is symptom free for less than two months at time

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47
Q

Disruptive Mood Disregulation Disorder

A

DSM-5
children show persistent irritability/anger with severe out of proportion outbursts of rages
-2-3 rimes/week for 1 year
happens in settings (home school playground)
before age 16 years
6-18 yeats
missing bipolar

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48
Q

Treatment for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

A

medication and therapy

cognitive behavioral therapy

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49
Q

Learning Explanation for Mood Disorders

A

learned helplessness
lack of clear operant (rewards and punshiminets)
environmental (observed parents)
reciprocal determinism (aggect others attention for depression)

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50
Q

Biological Explanations for Mood disorders

A 
genetics 
hormones 
brain structure 
thyroid 
neurotransmitters (seratonin)
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51
Q

Cognitive Explanations for Mood Disorders

A 
pessimistic explanatory style 
external locus of control 
internal locus of control 
cognitive dissonance 
overgeneralization 
misiniterpretation of life events 
learned helplessenss
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52
Q

Psychotherapy

A

broad term for any type of therapy that relies on psychological explanations and treatment
- healthy and ill people can use it

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53
Q

Methods of Therapists

A
  1. diagnose problems DSM-5

2. determine treatment strategy –> most use an eclectic approach

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54
Q

etiology

A

history and causes of a disorder

heestory and keeeeesses

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55
Q

psychopathology

A

a disorder of the mind; a psychological illness

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56
Q

comorbidity

A

overlap of 2 disorders

drug abuse and anxiety disorders are often morbid b/c people use drugs/alcohol to self-medicate to relieve anxiety

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57
Q

concordance

A

degree that 2 individuals share the same disorder, disease, characteristic
- we talked about this when we covered twin studies

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58
Q

Prevalence

A

how often a disorder occurs in a population

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59
Q

Incidence

A 
# of new cases diagnosed in a time period 
psyxhologists interested in disorders when the incidence rates change over time
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60
Q

Psychological Assessment

A

set of tests to help understand an individual
a complete assessment should include
- physical exam
- interview with individual and others in his/her life
- psych tests (like the ones we’ve already talked about)
- therapists use these assessments and the DSM-5
- DSM-5 gives operational definitions of psychological disorders
- it lists symptoms but it doesn’t give causes

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61
Q

Criticisms of DSM-5

A

published in May 2013 after heated debates on many topics

2 major areas of diasgreement are autism and personality disorders

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62
Q

3 major sections of DSM-5

A

Section 1: DSM-5 basics (an introduction and directions about how to use the manual)
section 2: Diagnositc criteria and codes (the lists of symptoms needed to diagnose a disorder)
section 3L categories that need more research

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63
Q

Does the DSM-5 include info about treatment?

A

nope

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64
Q

Anti-deptressants

A 
EFFECT: 
decrease negative mood 
help restore sleep cycles 
HOW: 
alter neurotransmitter levels (serotonin and epinephrine) 
Brain structure altered) 
EX
tricyclics (older not often used) 
MAO inhibitors (potent, highly interactant, not used often) 
SSRIs such as Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft
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65
Q

Anti-anxieties (tranquilizers)

A 
EFFECT: 
reduce stress
relax muscles 
decrease panic 
sleep aid 
HOW: 
allow GABA to work better
depress overactive sympathetic NS 
EX
Barbiturates (older, addictive, not used often) 
[pirate, related to fear]
Benzodiazepines- valium, Xanax, Atavan, Klonopin [Ben---> bend ---> legal]
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66
Q

anti-psychotics (neuroleptics)

A

EFFECT
best treatment for schizophrenia becuase reduces the positive symptoms
HOW
dopamine antagonists (block receptors)
EX
older drugs had serious side effects (Tardive Dyskinesia)
newer druds with less side effects such as Haldol, Zyprexa, Risperdal

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67
Q

Other important drugs

A

Reduce mania and depression Lithium, Depakote

reduce ibsessions SSRI ANAfranil (fran–frantic– obsession)

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68
Q

Psychological Disorders

A

any behaviors that are at least partly emotional and severe enough to cause a person to

  1. harm himself/herself or others (phsyical and/or emotional)
  2. not function effectively (maladaptive behaviors) or at risk
  3. seem unusual- both statistically and deemed abnormal by majority in society
  4. behavior is irrational, indefensible, unjustifiable atypical, disturbing
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69
Q

Biological perspective

A

medical
disorders are a result of physiological problems
could be a neruotransmitter or hormone imbalance, brain damage, brain structure, abnormalities, genetic abnormalities, certain drugs
therefore, disorders can be treated with drugs, or rarely surgery
logical to think physiological, bad brain body

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70
Q

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

A

unconscious problems such as early conflicts, defense mechanisms, or imbalance between id, efo, superego
Neo- freudians claimed that interpersonal, social problems caused disorders
therefore treatment is psychoanalysis to determine the root of the conflict
anal for Freud
can’t analyze your own conflict
C B unconscious
see saw that won’t stop moving

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71
Q

Learning

A

behaviorism
disorders are strictly a behavioral problem; it isn’t a symptom of an underlying problem
result of environmental repsonse (punsihsments and rewards after stressful situations)
learning (acquisition) of inappropriate behaviors
therefore, treatment is to tuse classical or operant conditioning to unlearn maladaptive pattens
(extinction of behavior)
environment–> response, repeatm relearn

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72
Q

Cognitive

A

disorders are a result of faulty thinking about yourself, situations
like behaviorists, cognitive therapists see symptoms as disorder
therefore, treatment is cognitive therapt to correct the maladaptive thinking patterns
brain has faulty
all cogged up

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73
Q

Humanist

A

disorders are a result of stress because of incongruence between self-concept and ideal seld or failure to meet drive toward self-actualization
person doesn’t value self or gials
disorders are a result
treatment is to resude the gap between the self-concept and ideal seld
pateint conscious choices to changes
patient needs to take responsibility for self and achieving goals
Human I want to be
be hum you want to be
man ist cool
conscious change

74
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

anxiety- a feeling of unease or dread
fear0 scared of a specific thing; a reaction to danger
high levels of stress that are out of proportion to the actual threat or danger–> this hinders a person’s ability to dunction

75
Q

Symptoms of anxiety disorders

A

mood symptoms: stress, tension, depression but sufferer can’t give a reason for feelings
cognitive symptoms: focus on trying to determine cause of mood leads to frustration, don’t know how to cope with problems
physical symptoms: aroused SNA (sweating, pulse and breathing increase, etc)
stiomachache; avoidance of anxiety-causing activities; restlessness (mar pace, tap fingers) that sufferer is unaware of
must last 6 omtnhs to qualify as disorder

76
Q

Diagnosis of Anxiety Disoreder

A

when fo these symptoms mean a disorder?
level of anxiety is so high that you avoid certain things
can you identify source of stress or is it frequent and everyday
what are consequences?

77
Q

Specific Phobia

A

intense fears of intifiable things or situations
sufferer changes life to avoid phobic triggering things
frequently starts in teens
fear interferes with life or sufferer is distressed about it for it to be a disorder
more women
high comorbidity iwth depression

78
Q

phobaphobia

A

fear of fear

79
Q

acrophobia

A

fear of heights

80
Q

thanatophobia

A

fear of death

81
Q

hematophobia

A

fear of blood

82
Q

cynophobia

A

fear of dogs

83
Q

panophobia

A

several phobias and then afraid of everything

84
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

fear of social interactiosn that is so intense that it is distressing or disabling
fear interferes with normal. school, work, and everyday life activies
a person id so afreaid of being observed that don’t go out to eat
tend to develop in adolescence
separate category for perfromance only

85
Q

Panic Disorder

A

recurrent unexpected panic attacks
fear about having another one, its consequence
change in behavior due to panic attack
mostly women

86
Q

panic attack

A

brief but severe phsyical reaction to fear (very stimiulated SNS)
may feel like heart attack
can be expected or unexpected

87
Q

expected panic attack

A

person is about to do something stressful

88
Q

unexpected panic attack

A

person is sitting enjoying a movie and it happens

89
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of places that may cause panic

90
Q

Generalized ANxiety Disorder

A

excessive anxiety and worry occuring more says than not for at least 6 months about a number of events or activities
can’t control worry
suffers from at least 3 of the following: restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance
causes significant distress or impaitment
roujhly 6% has at some point

91
Q

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and conduct disorders

A

new category in DSM-5
in general, symptoms are significant problems in emotional and behavioral self-control
ODD, Pyromania, Kleptomania
ADHD comorbid with many disotders

92
Q

present

A

the verb used with sympyoms in medical and psychological discussions

93
Q

internalizing disorders

A

person takes problems out on seld
presents with negative emotions such as distress, fear, self-criticism
maladaptive coping mechanisms tend to hurt individual with disorder but these symptoms can also hurt people around person
more common in females

94
Q

externalizing disorders

A

person takes problems out on others OR the maladaptive xoping mechanisms cause problems for others
person presents with substance abuse, anfer violence (BUT symptoms can also hurt person)
more common in males

95
Q

Mood Disorders/Depressive Disorders

A

emotional feelings serious enough to disrupt cognitive, social, and/or physicalfunctioning
can be caused by both environmental factors and biological causes
affect- emotion
higher than average incidence in highly creative people

96
Q

Clinical depression

A 
major depression or unipolar depression 
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORER 
severe feeling s of sadness 
often feel worthless 
short of breath
97
Q

Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder

A

mood/ emotional = sadness, empty feeling
cognitive- memoty/sleep/food issues
behavioral symptoms= withdraw (severe enough that it is disabling)
physical changes = gain/lose weight
look really tired
symptoms must persist for at least 6 wks
cause distress or impairment
not due to medical problems
can be one episode or recurrent can be due to bereavement

98
Q

Onset and Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder

A

Rates of depression have increased dramatically over the last 30 year
4% of men (probably higher), 9% of women (more willing to admit)
-symptoms may be different women tend to show typical reactions
- men may aggressive
most common psych disorder after addiction
GREATEST RISK IS 15-24. 35-44 1 study said 1/6 of teens have at least one episode before grad
because most are exaggerated normal emotions, widerspread belied that people can snap out
lost of perople can recover w/o therapy but others do need help
talk therapt
80% successful in treatment

99
Q

dysthymic disorder (persistent depressive disorder)

A

low grade, long term depression
2/3% of population
often diagnosed
general feeling of sadness last 2 years, but dont’ meet depression criteria can still function

100
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A

depression trigerred by lack of daylight
SAD
sitting in front og bright lights
circadian rhthyms

101
Q

Suicide

A

OUTCOME OF Mood disorders can be suicide

1 symptom of depression is suicide ideation men tend to choose more letha;

102
Q

suicide ideation

A

thoughts of death, suicide

103
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

A

used to be considered anxiety disorder but not anymore

104
Q

OCD

A

consistent prescence of unwanted thoughts or urges to do task
obsession = thoughts
compulsions= actions, often ritualistic
People do the complsuions to make themselves feel better
they usually realize that it doesn’t make sense/ is not rational
compulsions must take more than 1 hour each day
common compulsions: counting, checking appliances to make sure they;re off
life altering and stressful
glutamate levels in thalamus are different

105
Q

Body dysmorphis disorder

A

preoccupation with one and perceived deficits in appearance that are not observable or slight to others
comorbid with anorexia (anorexia nervosa is comorbid with this )
muscle dysphora- obsession with having muscles

106
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

suspiscious of others, expects bad treatment, blames others for problems
odd eccentric disorder

107
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

odd eccentric disorder

difficulty in forming relationships, indfferent to others

108
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

seriously eccentric or bizarre, magical thinking, may be a mild form of schizophrenia
odd-eccentric disorder

109
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

instability in moods, self-image, and relationships with others
dramatic erratic disorder

110
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

self-important, selfish, self-centered, lacks empathy for toehrs, manipulative, fantasizes about past and future successes
dramatic erratic disorders

111
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

“on stage” attention seeking, shallow emtions, manipulative and demanding
dramatic-erratic disorder

112
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

superficially hcarming and sincere but actually very self-centered and insincere, shows no guily or remorse for harming others, formerly psychopathic personality disorder
dramatic erratic disorder

113
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

avoids relationships for fear of rejection very low self esteem
anxiety fearful disorders

114
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

anxiety fearful disorder
low self- confidence, reluctant to take responsiblity, subordinates needs in facor of the needs of other, sensitive to criticism

115
Q

obsessive-compulsvie personality disorder

A

high concern for details and rules, perfectionistic, work-orteinted, sold and distant, relationship difficulties
anxiety- fearful disorder

116
Q

Personality change due to another medical condition

A

a persistent personality disturbance that represents a change from the individuals previous characterisitc personality patten

117
Q

Other specified personality disorder

A

personality disorders that do not meet the full criteria for any specified personality disorder

118
Q

unspecidied personality disorder

A

clinician chooses not to specify the reason that the criteria are not met for a specific personality disorder

119
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorders

A

a person has physical symptoms plus maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and actions as a response to the somatic (bodily) problems
causes significant distress or impairment to person’s life b/c person is always monitoring seld and worrying
symptoms may or may not have a mediacl explanation
Hypochondriasis no longer used
not intentically faking
false pregnancy (pseudocyesis) rare exmpale,
hard to diagnose because person tends to believe health problem are not taken seriously

120
Q

Conversion disorder

A

serious phyiscal problem as a result of emotional stress
eg going blinf, losing feeling in a limb
many of Freud’s pateints had conversion disorder (convert anxiet into a physical symptom)
causes signigicant ddistress or impairment
soldiers patalyzed before battle
sudden onset and recovery
less common than past
Cambodian refugees

121
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

person appears to experience a sudden loss of memoty or a change in identitiy
RARE

122
Q

Dissciative Identity Disorder

A

prescnce of two or more distinct identities or personality states
used to be MPF
transition between idetntities must be noticeable to person and others
one exp- people with troubled lives and other disordesr attempt to explain by suggesting more

123
Q

Dissociate Amnesia

A 
inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic nature
 can last for hours or years
often reappears suddenly 
can function 
can include a fugue state 
may assume new ident 
different from amnesia
124
Q

fugue state

A

purposeful travel or bewildered wandering that is associated with amnesia for identity or autobiographical information

125
Q

selective amnesia

A

related just to indiced may be disordered but know how to like do things

126
Q

generalized amnesia

A

just general

127
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

A

a long-term response to a traumatic event
the trigger to PTSD is exposure to actual or threatened deaht, serious injury, or secual violation
the exposure must result from one or more of the following in which the indifual
- experiences trauma directly
-witnesses trauma in prerson
- learns that trauma occured to close family or friend
0 expreiences first hand repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of traumatic event
Not media

128
Q

Diagnose PTSD

A

intrustion symptoms
avoidance symptoms
negative cognitions and mood
arousal

129
Q

intrusion symptoms (PTSD)

A

spontaneous memories, recurrent dreams, flashbacks or other intesne or prolonged psychological distress

130
Q

avoidance symptoms (PTSD)

A

persistence avoidance of distressing memories, feelings

efforts to avoid people, place that arouse negative memories

131
Q

Negative cognitions and mood (PTSD)

A

persistnt negative beliefs about seld others
distorted cognitions abotu the causes or consequences of the traumatic even –> blame seld or others for it
typically in a negative state emotionally and inability to experience positive emoions
diminished interest in activities
inability to remeber key aspects of event
often comorbid with anxiety and depression

132
Q

Arousal (PTSD)

A

aggressive, reckless or self-destructive behavior sleep distrubances HYPER-VIGILANCE or related problems
symptoms have to last at least 1 month
criteria for PTSD is lower for teens and kids than adults
there are separate criteria for children 6 and under
people who are already psychologvailly fragile or have toehr disorders seem to be more vulnerable to PTSD
e.g. Vietnam more from low SES more likely childhood trauma
research says recovery from PTSD linked to how others react
research founf that child soldiers who were rejected had much higher rates of PTSD

133
Q

Acute stress disorder

A

short term response to a trauamatic event
once stressor is over, symptoms don’t last more than 6 months
acute, low grade form of PTSD
basically symptoms are similar to PTSD
event is relived through flashbacks, nightmares,,,
person shows noticeable anxiety (sleeping issues, irritability, concentation is poor, restless)
person avoids stimuli associated with the trauma
distressed or functioning is impaired
often described as numb

134
Q

ABC model

A 
Activating event 
belief 9rational or irrational) 
consequence
disputing irrational beliefs 
effect of disputing irrational beliefs 
ELlis
135
Q

Goal of Rational Emotive Therapy

A

to see seld accurately raise esteem

136
Q

selective abstraction

A

negative filter

focus on negative aspects

137
Q

over-generalixation

A

gloablization

fail one test–> bas student

138
Q

magnification/minimization

A

focus on negative(blow up mistakes)

downplay positive

139
Q

personalization q

A

take it to heart

blame self for things that happen to others

140
Q

see only absolutes

A

failure because no A
perfectionsist
black and white
wont’ settle

141
Q

leanred helplessness

A

feel like you have no choice but to give up (powerfless)

142
Q

Causes of disorters according to cognitive psychotherapy

A

disorders are the result of incorrect thinking

143
Q

Treatmeents (Cognitive psychotherapy)

A

treatment is change maladatpive thoughts
therapists role is to help patients fiscover their disordered thinking and replace with healthier
RET [Ellis}
Beck

144
Q

Cognitive Triad

A

Beck
negative thinking
experiences that support negaitive thinking
future consequences

145
Q

Beck Cognitive therapy

A 
depression 
cognitive triad 
therapists 
evaluate client thought 
reattribute blame to situation 
challenge clint's basic assumptions 
cognitive resturcturing 
less confrontattional
146
Q

Internal senctences

A

with Ellis, disorders come from harsh ones, must always do well

147
Q

Causes of disorders- beavioral psychotherapy

A

disordered beavhior learned though rewards and punishments

behavior is the problem

148
Q

Behavioral treatments

A

unlearning behavior (counter condition)
driven by foal of getting rid of behavior
therapists must stick to behavior modification plant

149
Q

Systematic desentization

A

use relzaation and fear reduction techniques to cute phobieas
best method for phobia treatment
step proces s

150
Q

exposure (flooding)

A

phobias
patient must face fear and realize no harm
can be unethical

151
Q

implosion therapy

A

also phobia
mental flooding
imagine self in fearful situation
feel anxiety but sage in office

152
Q

aversion therapy

A

qtype of classical conditioning
pair unwanted behavior with unpleasnat stimulus
person associates behavior with something negative

153
Q

Behavioral contracting

A

behavior modification
patient and therapist work out contract that sets out goals and actions patient needs to accopmish
reward proper behavior

154
Q

token economy

A

instead of reward for proper behavior, get atoken, collect certain number of tokens and the get something

155
Q

moedling

A

patient watches person or therpaist cope with fear
works best with anxieties and phobias
can work for addiction and individuals with eating disorders who are pretty recovered

156
Q

Causes of Disorders Psyxhoanalytic

A

key to psychological disorders = unconscious

disorder symptpm of underlyiong conflict

157
Q

Psychoanalytic Treatment Goals

A

gain insight into unconscious conflict

beak down unhealthy defense mechanisms

158
Q

Psychoanalytic terapist role

A

intrepret statements to discover root problem of symptom, what is being repressed
once problem is discovered, use catharsis to conquer
may take a long time/lots of session

159
Q

Psychoanalytic therapy session

A

therapist out of sight, asks questions, emotionally removed

160
Q

dream analysis

A 
Psychoanalytic patient tells therapist about dreams 
geta t uncsconscious 
wish fuldillment 
manifest and latent content 
project desires
161
Q

free association

A

Psychoanalytic

pateints jus tsay whatever comes to mind

162
Q

word association

A

Psychoanalytic
therapist give patient a word and asks patient to respond
blocking or resisting treatment don’t want to talk don’t want anything to do with something, therapists happy knows where issue is

163
Q

transference

A

patient projects feeling onto therapists
means trusts therapists enough
Good thing
Psychoanalytic

164
Q

counter-transference

A

therapist projects feelings onto pateint
BAD
therapist should be objective and not vent
why therapiststs have own therapists
Psychoanalytic

165
Q

Modern Psychodynamic treatmnent

A

based more on Neo-Freudians
more about society, not sex
fewer sessions

166
Q

Measuring success in treatment

A 
decrease in symptom 
well being may increase 
doesn't disrupt daily life and not as intense 
pateint believes improved 
people around patient see improvement 
very hard to measure
167
Q

individual therapy

A

most common
lil
usually once a week/once every two weeks
insurance may not pay

168
Q

group therapy

A

advantages
patients share same problems
work together with THERAPIST AS MODERATOR
many self-help groups use similar models (AA)
NOT THE SAME AS SELF-HELP GROUP

169
Q

family therapy

A

sees each mmber as part of system

problems seen as more SITUATIONAL: than dispositional

170
Q

COmmunity therapy D

A

de-institutionalization; focus on outpatient in community
key is early intervention and prevention
community health center

171
Q

Humanistic Psychotherapt causes of disorders

A

incongruence between real and ideal self
self-concept doesn’t fit expectations of others
lack of UPR
issues with self actualization

172
Q

Humanistic Psychotherapy therapist (general_

A 
open and empathetic 
model for client 
feel feelings
provide UPR 
work with healthy people
173
Q

Rogers

A

therapist active listening and provide UPR

refelctive listening

174
Q

gestalt therapy

A 
humanistic 
Fritz Perls 1960 emphasis on client becoming whole and accepting responsibility for recovery current problems, not passing 
more challenging 
focus on inconstancies
welsome feeling 
wanted to be best could be
175
Q

Dialectical Behavioral therapy

A

Linehan 1980s
helps suicidal patients
eliminate dangerous behaviors
look for explanations from patient (for behavior)
change thinking and behaviors to have a happier and more productive life
Cognitive therapy

176
Q

Biological Model Causes and Treatments of disorders

A

disordered behavior a result of physiological abnormalisites
treatment is medical intervention (usually
drugs)
- most cases, drugs are combined with other
treatments
drugs

177
Q

Psychosurgery

A

pbrain surgery

178
Q

Lobotomy

A

cut of fpart of frontal lobe (calms) (Often prefrontal cortex)
worked but did other damage
mostly 1930s
up through nose

179
Q

Deep Brain stimulation

A

put an electrode in brain to stimulate certain locations
2005 alternative to ETC
reduces severe depression in patients who
don’t respond to drugs
• sometimes the device is permanently
implanted in the chest to provide regular
stimulation (like a pace maker)

180
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

A

shock

181
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

magnets

182
Q

Szasz

A

against psychiatry

AP Psych (9 decks)

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