Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Intrinsic Motivation
done for its own sake I read because I like reading class because enjoy material
Extrinsic Motivation
Outside Motivators
I read because I will get stickers
class because you can get college credit
Industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology
applies motivational principles to make workers and companies more efficient, productive, and improve wellbeing (I know, I know and incorrect series)
Ethologists
Study animal behavior in natural setting
instinct
Instinct Theories
ethologists
Instinct
innate/preprogrammed behavior that is released as a response to a stimulus
unlearned
present in practically every healthy member of species
Fixed Action Patterns
instincts manifest in response to environment ex. migration hibernation response to hawk
trigger feature/sign stimulus
an environmental event that causes a reaction
hawk eyes cause birds to hide, hawk eyes are the trigger feature
Sociobiology
focuses on the role of basic biological mechanisms in motivation
people act in ways that will help them perpetuate their own genes
ex. altruistic suicide
Evolutionary Psychology
draws from both sociobiology and ethology
many human behaviors are genetically influenced
applies evolution and natural selection
behaviors serve an adaptive purpose
accounts for differences in mate selection
men choose young, fertile females, women choose men with resources
Drive theory (drive-reduction theory)
everyone has fundamental needs that need to be fulfilled
HOMEOSTASIS
need —> drive —> behavior
criticized because it works for like explaining thirst but not like bungee jumping
Arousal Thoery
accounts for the tendency to engage in sensation seeking behavior
everyone has an optimal arousal level and works to maintain that
Yerkes-Dodson Law
relationship between arousal levels and performance
relationship between states, difficulty, and performance
moderate level is goof for a difficult task, high level better for an easy task
Incentive Theory
effect of external factors pulled toward behaviors by extrinsic rewards/incentives bonus for great work or could be avoidance of negative stuff Outside factors affect behavior
Festinger
Cognitive dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
people want their thoughts and behaviors to match up (like a cognitive homeostasis)
Part of PAWS, help animals
If you are a part of PAWS and you are like mean to bunnies, you will feel anxiety and tension
this dissonance will cause you to wither change attitude or behavior
ex. quit PAWS
or justify (that bunny was really mean)
Cognitive Congruence
equilibrium between thoughts and actions
balance between what we feel and how we act
Abraham Maslow
HUMANIST= optimistic about human nature
Hierarchy of needs
Hierarchy of needs
Everyone has needs, which we all want to satisfy
some are survival (people need food and water)
some are more like philosophicaly
Self-actualization
the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
desire to realize full potential as a human
self-acceptance, wconsider others, creative, individualism
Think: Gandhi, MLK, Bayard Rustin
Physiological Needs
lowest level on Maslow’s hierarchy
food and water
Physiological–> physi—> phy —-> f —-> first
Shelter and Safety
Second tier of Maslow’s hierarchy
S for seconf
what it sounds look
Love and Belonging needs
Third on Maslow’s hierarchy
I love you = three words, third level
people want to be loved and feel love
Self-esteem needs
fourth on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
self-esteem —> team—> four letters in team
fourth tier
Self-determination theory
humans have “inherent growth tendencies”
most things are done because of intrinsic motivation
people naturally seek out autonomy, competence, and relatedness (CAR)
part of positive psych
Positive Psychology
Focuses on how positive emotions contribute to overall health
happy, more likely to help others
Martin Seligman
positive psych
Hostile aggression
carried out for own sake often physical knock someone into the wall reactionary retaliatory
Instrumental aggression
working toward another goal besides aggression
ex. laugh gleefully as people land on your property in monopoly
knock someone over in sports to get to the ball
Frustration-aggression principle
when people can’t meet objectives, they become frsutrated and then may lash out
certain factors amplify aggressive tendencies in those inclined toward aggression
Catharsis
some say aggression is cathartic
get out aggression through sports, then they won’t act out in dangerous wats
Associated with Freud
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test
people are presented with a photo or picture and asked to tell a story
scored on levels of achievement and motivation
High desire to achieve and low fear of failure, people seek out challenges that are reasonably attainable but difficult
High fear of failure, choose safer options
Projective test
people project something about selves on an ambiguous stimulus
James-Lange Theory
Physisological then emotional
heart races after veering off a highway, then feel fear
physical creates emotional
Cannon-Bard Theory (Thalamic Theory)
simultaneous recognition of physiological changes and awareness of emotion
see bear —> afraid and racing heart at same time
Bard out of a Cannon
can’t be before
Schachter-Singer Theory (2 factor theory)
emotional response depends on two things
1. physiological arousal (e.g. heart rate, breathing)
2. Interpret those physical symptoms
butterflies in stomach (nerves before a big game, excitement for a present)
S for situation
Opponent Process Theories
First rock climb —> fear and anxiety, after this, don’t return to base but instead have opposing happiness
next time, fear reduced but euphoria can be just as great (or greater)
alternatively, you could crash
Microexpressions
very fleeting Ekman
Are expressions universal?
six are
happiness, anger, surprise, disgust, sadness, and contempt
Display rules
societal norms that govern expression of emotions
ex. guy at UCLA and guy in Japan
Facial feedback hypothesis
forces a smile, more likely to make someone happier
induce emotions through physical manipulations
Selye q
stress researcher
GAS
General Adaption Syndrome
people go through three basic stages of stress
alarm
resistance
exhaustion
alarm- fight or flight in response to a threat
resistance- attempt to fight or cope with stressor while body stays in same state as before
exhaustion- if stressor is not removed, can face extreme exhaustion
GAS is ARE
Primary Appraisal
Lazarus
first evaluate how stressful an event is to us
Secondary appraisal
judge whether and how we can cope with stress
Approach-approach conflict
two equally good options
fate or hang out with friends
avoidance-avoidance
two equally unattractive optiosn
dentist- fear of appointment but rotting teeth
approach-avoidance
a situation has both good and bad qualities
like a program at a college, but it is expensive
love dance, hate the teacher
love someone, but don’t want commitment
Multiple approach avoidance conflicts
love someone, but fear of commitment AND they have a lot of money, but that could make you feel guilty. Your parents like them, but theirs don’t like you
many factors at play
Sexual Response Cycle
four stages of sexual responding dedscribed by Masters and Johnson Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution EPOR
rope backwards
knots
Triphasic Model
Desire *********
Excitement
Orgasm
head in game
Leptin
a hormone
Lateral Hypothalamus
start eating
Ventromedial hypothalamus
feel satiated
OBesity
at least 20% other medicallt ideal body weight
set point
the weight a person’s body settles at
Erotic Stimuli
learn that it is sexually arousing
Amygdala
emotional memories and anger
Which region of the brain controls emotions?
right hemisphere
Sympathetic Nervous System
increase heart rate, breathing, sweaty palms, dry mouth
Hormones in endocrine
adrenaline and noradrenaline
Nuerotransmitters in endocrine
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Facial Affect Program
Ekman
people innately respond to the same emotions with the same facial expressiosn
anorexia nervosa
self-starvation
One commonly used threshold for diagnosing is failure to maintain at least 85% of what is normal
Bulimia nervosa
compulsive binge eating followed by purging
weight fluctuations generally in normal range
Goleman
marshmallow tst
Emotional Intelligence
ability to understand with and empathize with otehrs
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
attachment to others
can be romantic or not
1. intimacy- emotion —> close feelings
2. passion - motivation —> physical and sexual attraction
3. commitment- cognition –> decision to remain
Mental Filtering
filter out good and focus on bad
Coping with stress
general strategies
a. distraction
b. rehearsal
c. social support
d. other
Problem focused on coping
strategy get a paper done, make a schedule
Emotion focused coping
talk to a teacher, gonna be upset, how to take it in, take a breath
anti-anxiety technique
Psychological reaction to stress
interaction between a person’s temperament
stress
emotional and physical response to a challenge
sadness
mild, relatively brief response
get over soon
like loss of a sock
grief
long term. longer lasting feeling of despondency
deep well of despair
doesn’t always lead to depression
disgust
avoid
protective emotion
taste aversion
Anxiety
general, hard to identify
Fear
something specific, specific threat
sexual motivation
factors that encourage sexual motivation
a. need to reproduce
b. sexual arousal =many factors in humans
erotic stimuli- learn that it is sexually arousing
need for power
control
need for affiliation
need to belong, bonds, attachment is one kind
need for achievement
TAT
Personnel Psychology
sub field of I-O psych that focuses on employee recruit, selection, placement, training
competence
mastery of a skill
part of Self-determination theory
autonomy
do for self part of self-determination theory
relatedness
connection to others (part of self-determination)
