Learning and Consciousness Flashcards
learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior based on experience
allows organisms to adapt
Ivan Pavlov
Russian behavioralist in the early 1900s [operated under a different standard of ethical principles]
when two events become associated together
automatic
involuntary learning
neutral stimulus
doesn’t do anything by itself
word can
sound of tuning fork
red light in pigeon ex
Unconditioned stimulus
squirting water
meat
female pigeon
what the organism naturally, reflexively responds to
what caused response without need for learning
conditioned stimulus
starts out as neutral stimulus because it orginially elicits no response but then it becomes learned after many pairings
what do they respond to that they did not respond to before
can
tuning fork
red light
unconditioned response
natural, unlearned reflexive response to UCS
salivating
flinching
arousal
conditioned response
the new learned response to the conditioned stimulus
salivate to bell
flinch at can
arousal at light
contiguity
PAVLOV PAVLOV PAVLOV PAVLOV two events happen together association same place and same time almost coincidence
Contingency
Rescorla 1960s
one event predicts the other
not just association
most accepted
acquisition
learn a certain behavior
flinch at word can
Cs —> CR
CS leads to CR/ brings out CR
Extinction
no longer doing behavior behavior goes away dissociate the 2 don't flinch at word can any more Murphy's kid and dogs- no longer afraid
Stimulus Discrimination
Knowing different between CS and other stimuli
didn’t flinch at ban/fan
Stimulus Generalization
Flinch at ban/fan
generalized to other stimuli
applied learning to other
Higher order conditioning
2nd order conditioning
salivate to new, never seen stimulus (blue square) when presented with the bell
pair new stimulus with CS (original UCS not a part of it)
difficult to get to the third step because it is so far removed
blocking
learning doesn’t happen
something blocks the learning
first CS blocks or slows learning of a new CS
kitty used to electric can opener noise, harder to learn sound of manual
Taste Aversion
Not all stimuli are netural
taste aversion keeps it from being neutral
most mammals have VERY strong taste aversions
rats and water
spontaneous recovery
behavior spontaneously comes back after going extinct
flinch at the wird can after school
Garcia
the main guy behind taste aversion
1960s
All stimuli are not neutral
Aversion therapy
using negative CR ti break bad habits (bitter nail polish)
anatubuse- drug for alcoholics- get sick while drinking alcohol,
Little Albert
Most babies are not afraid of things but they have the capacity to be NS rat UCS- loud noise UCR- fear CS- rat Cr fear
Conditioned emotional response
phobias and superstitions
stimulus causes conditioned response of an emotion
fear is most common
operant conditioning
learning based on consequences
subjects have more control over their learning (voluntary(
actions(conditioned responses) can be new
based on choices
must wait for behavior to occur naturally and reward given
Ed Thorndike
Earliest instrumental(operant)
Conditioning researcher
Puzzle box- figure out how to get out (cats)
Puzzle box
Ed Thorndike’s box where animals needed to figure out how to get out (cats)
Law of Effect
Behavior depends on its consequences Pleasant consequences- more likely to repeat behaviour not rewarded tends to die out antecedent behavior consequences
B.F. Skinner
ENhanced the work done by Thorndike
Designed SKinner boxes (operant chambers)
used reinforcements= reward for behaviors
Positive Reinforcement
a pleasurable consequence for a desired behavior
seal given fish
Negative Reinforcement
an unpleasant condition is removed when a desired behavior is completed
study to stay on the team
aspirin avoid pain
positive punishment
an undesirable behavior is followed by an unpleasant consequence
pull on leash
an F
Omission Training (negative punishment)
discourages a behavior by taking away something desirable
stay out, lose car
Primary reinforcers
never needed to learn it was a reinforcer food water affection a smile shelter
Secondary reinforcer
learn it is good a reward that needed to be learned sticker gold star grades money clothing
chimp-o-mat experiment
primary reinforcers(food/grapes) work on chimps, do secondary(gold tokens)?
got them to do laundry with grapes then moved to tokens
stole tokens and fought for them
prostitution
Premack Principle
CHimps 1960s
Explain how and why reinforcers work
1) a more liked stimulus can be used to reinforce a less liked one
2) personal preference matters (sam and Pat, Sam hates chocolate, needs crackers and cheese)
Overjustification
=giving reinforcers for behaviors people already do or reinforcing them can lead to problems
criticism of conditioning
criticism of using reinforcers to get people to do things they already like
ALFIE KOHN
can’t be sure behavior will continue/ lose love of the activity
ducks in the park
reading with pizza parties/reading logs
Agonists
Enhance neurotransmitters
Antagonists
Inhibit meurotransmitters
Tolerance
Need more drug for same effect
Physical dependence
Cravings and need for drug
Withdrawal
The painful side effects of stopping drug use
Depressants
Slow nervous system activity
Opiates
Suppress pain, induce sleep and [euphoria?]
Generally agonists for endorphins
Hallucinogens
Alter perceptions
Dramatic hallucinations
Stimulants
Stimulate or activate the nervous system and speed up arousal and activity and suppress appetite
Hypnosis
Relaxed state vs. truly altered or dissociated state of consciousness
Ernst Hilgard
Altered state
Hidden observer
One part can dissociate from pain but part of consciousness remembers pain
Posthypnotic suggestion
Instruction to be carried out after the session [often addiction]
Helps obesity
NOT age regression
Stage 1
part of nonREM sleep fairly rapid brain wave activity transitional stage hypnagogic hallucinations feeling that one is falling or floating light sleep
Stage 2
Largest percentage of time in stage 2
Sleep spindles occur
alpha waves
Sleep spindles
Small jumbles of rapid electrical activity
alpha waves
Stages 3 and 4
Deep Sleep
delta sleep
slow wave sleep
characterized by the presence of delta waves, which are longer and slower
breathing rate, temperate, and heart rate decrease
hard to wake someone in these stages
REM sleep
paradoxical sleep brain is active, high heart rate and blood pressure muscles paralyzed rapid eye movement sympathetic nervous system activation dreaming
REM Rebound
when people have REM deprication, they will make up REM cycles by staying in it for longer periods of time when they sleep next
Microsleep
teeny tiny seconds long periods of sleep that are not really satisfying enough but keep people going
Circadian rhythms
circa=about dies=day
Sleep cycle is a circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
controls 24 clock
influences pineal gland
Pineal Gland
secretes melatonin
melatonin
hormone that leads to drowsiness and is controlled by light cycles
not done in the morning
serotonin
major neurotransmitter involved in sleep
no one really knows like how
Premack Principle (the grandmother clause)
1) a more liked stimulus can be used to reinforce a less liked one
2) personal preference matters
ex Sam Pat and cookie vs. cheese and cracker for cleaning room
grandmother promises kid that he can play in sandbox if he eats veggies, but WHATI F HE HATES HIS SANDBOX, less likely to eat veggies
B.F. Skinner
Had Skinner boxes (operant chambers)
operant conditioning
used reinforcements
Ed Thorndike
earliest instumental (operant) conditioning researcher
puzzle-boxes- figure out how to get out catssss
learning curve
Law of Effect
Ernest Hilgard
Hypnosis
Altered State version of hypnosis
Hidden observer
restorative theory
sleep to rest and recuperate
memory consolidation theory
information-processing theory
sleep and dream in order to file and process the day’s events
adaptive or evolutionary theory
why we sleep at night
because it is like safe and stuff
Insomnia
an inability to fall asleep or stay asleep or subjective sense of this
most common
Hypersomnia
getting or needing too much sleep, perhaps to the point of impairing day to day function
Narcolepsy
A sudden, involuntary drop to sleep many cases REM
Apnea
Don’t breathe during the night and have to restart themselves, awakening to a degree but usually not completely
Night terrors
common in children high physiological arousal little or no recall of the event non-REM stage 4
Somnabulism
walking in one’s sleep
happens during stage 4
Somniloquy
talking in one’s sleep with no subsequent recollection of doing so
REM sleep behavior disorder
This happens when a sleeper is not paralyzed during REM sleep, so they act out their dreams
dream theory aspect of memory consolidation theory
dreams are a kind of information processing mechanism
activation-synthesis theory
random neuron firing takes place, we then try to make sense of it
Unconscious Wish Fulfillment
desires/fears/aggressive feelings come up in dreams
Manifest content
actual dream itself
Latent Content
the meaning/interpretation symbolism behind the dream
lucid dreaming
aware you are dreaming (some can control their dreams)
relaxed state interpretation of hypnosis
relaxed state where a person is highly suggestible
play good subject
altered or dissociated state of consciousness
truly separate state for hypnosis
HIlgard and hidden observer
pain management
hidden observer
part of consciousness that is aware of the hypnosis session
Clark Hull
if they volunteer for hypnosis, more susceptible
Second or higher order conditioning
use the original CS as the new UCS
THE ORIGINAL UCS IS NOT PART OF IT
weaker
bell + square to get dogs to salivate to square
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcement will be delivered after desired number of responses.
Ex. frequent flyer miles rewards
factory, reward for every 100 shoes
variable ratio schedule
Reinforcement delievered after some number of responses that the learner is not aware of
Ex. Playing the lottery
selling magazines door to door
don’t know how many times behavior is required for a pay off
Fixed Interval schedule
Reinforcement is delivered based on specific passage of time
first desired response after passage of time is reinforced
mail coming on Friday, check when carrier will arrive but not before
Variable interval schedule
Reinforcement is delivered after some established period of time, which changes from one trial to the next
Wait for mail on friday, but you don’t know exactly when it will get there, more likely to check all of the time
instinctual drift
animals revert to natural tendencies
Insight learning
part of cognitive learning
ruminates on a problem and then suddenly a solution comes to mind
BRAIN BLAST
Chimps try to reach bananas
Wolfgang Kohler
insight learning and monkeys
Cognitive learning
Latent Learning
learning acquired but not demonstrated until the subject is reinforced (rewarded for doing so)
Maze experiment with 3 groups:
A continuously rewarded for solving
B left to wander
C wander for 10 days and then rewarded for solving
C performed just as well or better as A
COgnitive learning
Cognitive Map
a mental representation of something
ex. maze or your room or Sharon
Cognitive Learning
Tolman
Latent learning and cognitive maps
Cognitive Learning
Learned Helplessness
try to do something, fail, repeat a lot, quit altogether
belief that no matter what you do, you can not affect the outcome
anagrams
Cognitive Learning
Martin Seligman
Learned Helplessness
Cognitive Learning
Albert Bandura
Social Learning/Observational Learning
Social Learning/Observational Learning
learn by watching and then imitating someone else
ex. power rangers
aggression experiments by Bandura with Bobo doll
Bandura
Steps to make social learning work
- Attention- a model is needed [must be compelling and someone likable]
- Retention- need to remember behavior and consequences [and often enough]
- Motivation- need to have some reason to duplicate behavior [looks cool or whatever]
- (potential) reproduction- self-efficacy [have to believe you can do something]
Mirror Neurons
Someone else does something, out neurons fire the same way
Positive Transfer of Learning
knowing something helps you learn other things
knowing French helps you learn Spanish
Negative Transfer of Learning
Knowing something impedes your ability to learn something else
can’t teach an educated dog new tricks
