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AP Psych > Learning and Consciousness > Flashcards

Learning and Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior based on experience
allows organisms to adapt

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2
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian behavioralist in the early 1900s [operated under a different standard of ethical principles]
when two events become associated together
automatic
involuntary learning

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3
Q

neutral stimulus

A

doesn’t do anything by itself
word can
sound of tuning fork
red light in pigeon ex

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4
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

squirting water
meat
female pigeon
what the organism naturally, reflexively responds to
what caused response without need for learning

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5
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

starts out as neutral stimulus because it orginially elicits no response but then it becomes learned after many pairings
what do they respond to that they did not respond to before
can
tuning fork
red light

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6
Q

unconditioned response

A

natural, unlearned reflexive response to UCS
salivating
flinching
arousal

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7
Q

conditioned response

A

the new learned response to the conditioned stimulus
salivate to bell
flinch at can
arousal at light

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8
Q

contiguity

A 
PAVLOV PAVLOV PAVLOV PAVLOV 
two events happen together
association 
same place and same time 
almost coincidence
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9
Q

Contingency

A

Rescorla 1960s
one event predicts the other
not just association
most accepted

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10
Q

acquisition

A

learn a certain behavior
flinch at word can
Cs —> CR
CS leads to CR/ brings out CR

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11
Q

Extinction

A 
no longer doing behavior 
behavior goes away 
dissociate the 2 
don't flinch at word can any more
Murphy's kid and dogs- no longer afraid
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12
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Knowing different between CS and other stimuli

didn’t flinch at ban/fan

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13
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Flinch at ban/fan
generalized to other stimuli
applied learning to other

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14
Q

Higher order conditioning

2nd order conditioning

A

salivate to new, never seen stimulus (blue square) when presented with the bell
pair new stimulus with CS (original UCS not a part of it)
difficult to get to the third step because it is so far removed

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15
Q

blocking

A

learning doesn’t happen
something blocks the learning
first CS blocks or slows learning of a new CS
kitty used to electric can opener noise, harder to learn sound of manual

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16
Q

Taste Aversion

A

Not all stimuli are netural
taste aversion keeps it from being neutral
most mammals have VERY strong taste aversions
rats and water

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17
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

behavior spontaneously comes back after going extinct

flinch at the wird can after school

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18
Q

Garcia

A

the main guy behind taste aversion
1960s
All stimuli are not neutral

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19
Q

Aversion therapy

A

using negative CR ti break bad habits (bitter nail polish)

anatubuse- drug for alcoholics- get sick while drinking alcohol,

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20
Q

Little Albert

A 
Most babies are not afraid of things but they have the capacity to be 
NS rat
UCS- loud noise
UCR- fear
CS- rat
Cr fear
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21
Q

Conditioned emotional response

A

phobias and superstitions
stimulus causes conditioned response of an emotion
fear is most common

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22
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning based on consequences
subjects have more control over their learning (voluntary(
actions(conditioned responses) can be new
based on choices
must wait for behavior to occur naturally and reward given

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23
Q

Ed Thorndike

A

Earliest instrumental(operant)
Conditioning researcher
Puzzle box- figure out how to get out (cats)

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24
Q

Puzzle box

A

Ed Thorndike’s box where animals needed to figure out how to get out (cats)

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25
Q

Law of Effect

A 
Behavior depends on its consequences 
Pleasant consequences- more likely to repeat behaviour not rewarded tends to die out 
antecedent 
behavior 
consequences
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26
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

ENhanced the work done by Thorndike
Designed SKinner boxes (operant chambers)
used reinforcements= reward for behaviors

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27
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

a pleasurable consequence for a desired behavior

seal given fish

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28
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

an unpleasant condition is removed when a desired behavior is completed
study to stay on the team
aspirin avoid pain

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29
Q

positive punishment

A

an undesirable behavior is followed by an unpleasant consequence
pull on leash
an F

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30
Q

Omission Training (negative punishment)

A

discourages a behavior by taking away something desirable

stay out, lose car

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31
Q

Primary reinforcers

A 
never needed to learn it was a reinforcer
food 
water
affection 
a smile 
shelter
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32
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A 
learn it is good 
a reward that needed to be learned 
sticker 
gold star 
grades
money 
clothing
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33
Q

chimp-o-mat experiment

A

primary reinforcers(food/grapes) work on chimps, do secondary(gold tokens)?
got them to do laundry with grapes then moved to tokens
stole tokens and fought for them
prostitution

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34
Q

Premack Principle

A

CHimps 1960s
Explain how and why reinforcers work
1) a more liked stimulus can be used to reinforce a less liked one
2) personal preference matters (sam and Pat, Sam hates chocolate, needs crackers and cheese)

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35
Q

Overjustification

A

=giving reinforcers for behaviors people already do or reinforcing them can lead to problems
criticism of conditioning
criticism of using reinforcers to get people to do things they already like
ALFIE KOHN
can’t be sure behavior will continue/ lose love of the activity
ducks in the park
reading with pizza parties/reading logs

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36
Q

Agonists

A

Enhance neurotransmitters

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37
Q

Antagonists

A

Inhibit meurotransmitters

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38
Q

Tolerance

A

Need more drug for same effect

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39
Q

Physical dependence

A

Cravings and need for drug

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40
Q

Withdrawal

A

The painful side effects of stopping drug use

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41
Q

Depressants

A

Slow nervous system activity

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42
Q

Opiates

A

Suppress pain, induce sleep and [euphoria?]

Generally agonists for endorphins

43
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Alter perceptions

Dramatic hallucinations

44
Q

Stimulants

A

Stimulate or activate the nervous system and speed up arousal and activity and suppress appetite

45
Q

Hypnosis

A

Relaxed state vs. truly altered or dissociated state of consciousness

46
Q

Ernst Hilgard

A

Altered state
Hidden observer
One part can dissociate from pain but part of consciousness remembers pain

47
Q

Posthypnotic suggestion

A

Instruction to be carried out after the session [often addiction]
Helps obesity
NOT age regression

48
Q

Stage 1

A 
part of nonREM sleep 
fairly rapid brain wave activity 
transitional stage 
hypnagogic hallucinations 
feeling that one is falling or floating 
light sleep
49
Q

Stage 2

A

Largest percentage of time in stage 2
Sleep spindles occur
alpha waves

50
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Small jumbles of rapid electrical activity

alpha waves

51
Q

Stages 3 and 4

A

Deep Sleep
delta sleep
slow wave sleep
characterized by the presence of delta waves, which are longer and slower
breathing rate, temperate, and heart rate decrease
hard to wake someone in these stages

52
Q

REM sleep

A 
paradoxical sleep 
brain is active, high heart rate and blood pressure 
muscles paralyzed
rapid eye movement 
sympathetic nervous system activation 
dreaming
53
Q

REM Rebound

A

when people have REM deprication, they will make up REM cycles by staying in it for longer periods of time when they sleep next

54
Q

Microsleep

A

teeny tiny seconds long periods of sleep that are not really satisfying enough but keep people going

55
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

circa=about dies=day

Sleep cycle is a circadian rhythm

56
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

controls 24 clock

influences pineal gland

57
Q

Pineal Gland

A

secretes melatonin

58
Q

melatonin

A

hormone that leads to drowsiness and is controlled by light cycles
not done in the morning

59
Q

serotonin

A

major neurotransmitter involved in sleep

no one really knows like how

60
Q

Premack Principle (the grandmother clause)

A

1) a more liked stimulus can be used to reinforce a less liked one
2) personal preference matters
ex Sam Pat and cookie vs. cheese and cracker for cleaning room
grandmother promises kid that he can play in sandbox if he eats veggies, but WHATI F HE HATES HIS SANDBOX, less likely to eat veggies

61
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Had Skinner boxes (operant chambers)
operant conditioning
used reinforcements

62
Q

Ed Thorndike

A

earliest instumental (operant) conditioning researcher
puzzle-boxes- figure out how to get out catssss
learning curve
Law of Effect

63
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A

Hypnosis
Altered State version of hypnosis
Hidden observer

64
Q

restorative theory

A

sleep to rest and recuperate

65
Q

memory consolidation theory

A

information-processing theory

sleep and dream in order to file and process the day’s events

66
Q

adaptive or evolutionary theory

A

why we sleep at night

because it is like safe and stuff

67
Q

Insomnia

A

an inability to fall asleep or stay asleep or subjective sense of this
most common

68
Q

Hypersomnia

A

getting or needing too much sleep, perhaps to the point of impairing day to day function

69
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sudden, involuntary drop to sleep many cases REM

70
Q

Apnea

A

Don’t breathe during the night and have to restart themselves, awakening to a degree but usually not completely

71
Q

Night terrors

A 
common in children 
high physiological arousal 
little or no recall of the event 
non-REM 
stage 4
72
Q

Somnabulism

A

walking in one’s sleep

happens during stage 4

73
Q

Somniloquy

A

talking in one’s sleep with no subsequent recollection of doing so

74
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

This happens when a sleeper is not paralyzed during REM sleep, so they act out their dreams

75
Q

dream theory aspect of memory consolidation theory

A

dreams are a kind of information processing mechanism

76
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

random neuron firing takes place, we then try to make sense of it

77
Q

Unconscious Wish Fulfillment

A

desires/fears/aggressive feelings come up in dreams

78
Q

Manifest content

A

actual dream itself

79
Q

Latent Content

A

the meaning/interpretation symbolism behind the dream

80
Q

lucid dreaming

A

aware you are dreaming (some can control their dreams)

81
Q

relaxed state interpretation of hypnosis

A

relaxed state where a person is highly suggestible

play good subject

82
Q

altered or dissociated state of consciousness

A

truly separate state for hypnosis
HIlgard and hidden observer
pain management

83
Q

hidden observer

A

part of consciousness that is aware of the hypnosis session

84
Q

Clark Hull

A

if they volunteer for hypnosis, more susceptible

85
Q

Second or higher order conditioning

A

use the original CS as the new UCS
THE ORIGINAL UCS IS NOT PART OF IT
weaker
bell + square to get dogs to salivate to square

86
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforcement will be delivered after desired number of responses.
Ex. frequent flyer miles rewards
factory, reward for every 100 shoes

87
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement delievered after some number of responses that the learner is not aware of
Ex. Playing the lottery
selling magazines door to door
don’t know how many times behavior is required for a pay off

88
Q

Fixed Interval schedule

A

Reinforcement is delivered based on specific passage of time
first desired response after passage of time is reinforced
mail coming on Friday, check when carrier will arrive but not before

89
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

Reinforcement is delivered after some established period of time, which changes from one trial to the next
Wait for mail on friday, but you don’t know exactly when it will get there, more likely to check all of the time

90
Q

instinctual drift

A

animals revert to natural tendencies

91
Q

Insight learning

A

part of cognitive learning
ruminates on a problem and then suddenly a solution comes to mind
BRAIN BLAST
Chimps try to reach bananas

92
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

insight learning and monkeys

Cognitive learning

93
Q

Latent Learning

A

learning acquired but not demonstrated until the subject is reinforced (rewarded for doing so)
Maze experiment with 3 groups:
A continuously rewarded for solving
B left to wander
C wander for 10 days and then rewarded for solving
C performed just as well or better as A
COgnitive learning

94
Q

Cognitive Map

A

a mental representation of something
ex. maze or your room or Sharon
Cognitive Learning

95
Q

Tolman

A

Latent learning and cognitive maps

Cognitive Learning

96
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

try to do something, fail, repeat a lot, quit altogether
belief that no matter what you do, you can not affect the outcome
anagrams
Cognitive Learning

97
Q

Martin Seligman

A

Learned Helplessness

Cognitive Learning

98
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Social Learning/Observational Learning

99
Q

Social Learning/Observational Learning

A

learn by watching and then imitating someone else
ex. power rangers
aggression experiments by Bandura with Bobo doll
Bandura

100
Q

Steps to make social learning work

A
  1. Attention- a model is needed [must be compelling and someone likable]
  2. Retention- need to remember behavior and consequences [and often enough]
  3. Motivation- need to have some reason to duplicate behavior [looks cool or whatever]
  4. (potential) reproduction- self-efficacy [have to believe you can do something]
101
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Someone else does something, out neurons fire the same way

102
Q

Positive Transfer of Learning

A

knowing something helps you learn other things

knowing French helps you learn Spanish

103
Q

Negative Transfer of Learning

A

Knowing something impedes your ability to learn something else
can’t teach an educated dog new tricks

AP Psych (9 decks)

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