Intelligence and Personality Flashcards
Freud
Viennese Jew went to med school bubt wanted to research but antisemitism specialty= nervous disorders wrote interpretation of dreams and another book pessimist childhood determines life Vienna- sexuallt repressed made sex ok worked with wealthy women wife chaperoned
the unconscious
the main causes of behavior are buried in the unconscious mind
id
instinctual drives
little child that wants everything candy store
pleasure principle- what makes me feel good
illogical
immediate gratification
often don’t know deep tendencies of the id
What is a disorder to Freud?
an imbalance between the id, ego, and supergo
ego
conscious rational plans things
mediates
reality principle- what is socially accceptable
makes sense of world/finds meaning
Superego
moralistic, judgemental, perfection parental part holds ego ideal- best self you can be/soce of ethics conscience can be aware of it, but most are not not as deep as id
Oral
birth- year first stage of psychosexual development mouth associated w/sexual pleasure weaning a child can lead to fixation- give up on own can lead to oral activities in adulthood
Anal
1-3year
anus is associated with pleasure
toilet training can lead to fixation if not done right
can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors (huge mess)
Phallic
3-5 years
focus of pleasure shifts to genitals
Oedipus or Electra complex
fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and need for attention and domination in females
resolved by identifying with same sex parent and internalizing beliefs
personality=done by the end
Penis Envy
Freud
phallic stage
girls are jealous of boy’s penis
Latency
sexual energy submerged (do not submerge a cermet)
lasts from child to teen
Genital stage
adult sexualitty
sexy feelings reemerge and are directed towards others
Defense Mechanisms
Freud (who else?_
the ego protects itself from the big scary world out their through unconscious (of course) means
help through the tought times
can be maladaptive if used in excess
Denial
rejecting the truth of a painful reality, as in a person’s refusal to accept a frightening medical diagnosis
Displacement
taking out an emotion on a safe or more accessible target than the actual source of the emotion, punching the wall rather than confronting your boss #CHAINOFSCREAMING
Projection
Atrributing something that we don’t like about ourselves to someone else, like if I accuse someone else of being too passive becuase I am unconciously afraid of my own tendencies
Rationalixation
excuse making
have to cheat because everyone else will
it is totally ok to eat 45 cookies, after all, I did totally rock some new shoes
Reaction Formation
think opposite
protect ourselves from undesirable emotions by behaving in ways opposite of how we feel,
shower those we hate with affection
#Sansastark
Regression
figuratively going back in time to a safer, simpler wat of being
assume childlike behaviors in times of stress
barbie marathon
Repression
unconscious fotgetting
something painful buried so eep that we no longer know it is there, as can occur with physical or sexual abuse in childhood
Sublimination
associate with substitution
an undesirable emotion or drive is replaced with a socially acceptable one
ex. surgeons are sublimating aggression
Suppression
conscious forgetting push something out of your mind "Oh college apps are due soon" yup I am trying not to think about that different from a true mechanism
evaluation of Freud
homogeneous,small sample
andrcentric
never worked with children
Freudian Slip
tell others things that don’t consciously wish to tell them but which some out anyway
seduced vs. introduced
Love harvey
Neo Freudians
Split with Freud
kept the psychodynamic aspects (personalityis a process driven by motivaitonal energy)
but looked at diff types of motivation (not just sex), and focused more on conscious thought, social variables, and the span of someone’s whole life
Jung
was Freud’s protege until they split (Jung thought differently about unconscious (personal unconscious and collective unconscious) and thought he focused a smidge too much on sex
Personal Unconscious
Jung basically the id
Collective Unconscious
Jung
like basically a reserve of memories shared by all humans, gives us archetypes
Principle of opposites
personality is a balance between opposites, most people prefer one #introvert vs extrovert and myers briggs
Horney
Oedipus, penis envy are sexist sex differences are due to society personality is more than just childhood basic anxiety neurotic needs
basic anxiety
isolation and uncertainty leads to issues
Neurotic needs
normal desires taken to extremes can move towards, against, or away from others
Alfred Adler
birth order and inferiority complex
Inferioirty complex
unconscious feeling of inferioirty, can have super simple causes, like being told you are bad at things, breeds compensation
Personality
enduring patten of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that makes each of us unique
nature vs nurture
major psych debate
temperament
a child’s mood, emotionality, and preferred activity level
classified in terms of reactivity
high-reactive infants
apprehensive, react intensely and fearfully to new situations
low-reactive infants
sociable calm go wit hthe flow
Idiographic methods
evaluate case studies individually
Freudian
Nomothetic approaches
assume all people share the same traits to differing degrees
norms
compare people to others
Trait theory
focus on the characteristics that define people and endure over time and situations
trait
tendency towards certain behaviors or smoetions, no matter the situation
Gordon Allport
port c central things go around idiographic trait theorist
Cardinal Trait
#Allport #Traittheorist single deining personality trait dominant in all situations sounds like your close friends? most likely not because very few people have them
Central Trait
Allport
5-10
significant characteristics that form the core of our personality
think like GoT Houses
Secondary Traits
often present in a person but not as defining
Raymond Cattel
Cat telling you about your personality
statstical analysis of charactistics called factor analysis
16PF
trait theory
16 PF
Cattell’s 16 personality factors
fundamental to all people
scale
cat telling you about personality, then scratching the board, then flying away in an airplane
Hans Eysenck
PEN
trait theorist
hands and eyes help you write with your pen
PEN
Eysenck
Psychoticism (apathy to empathy)
Extroversion (oiutgoingness)
Neuroticism (emotional stability)
Big Five/Five Factor Model
Openness: open to new experiences and learning
Conscientiousness: the degree to which one is response, hard working, and reliable
Extroveresion: outgoingness
Agreeableness: donest/considerate/likable
Neuroticism: anxious/self-consciousness/ impuslive emotional stability
Criticisms of trait theorists
- situations though
2. where do traits come from
Type and Type B
Type A: driven, competitive, rigid, hostile, and intense
Type B: calm, laid back, easy going
Behaviorist Theory
driven by BF SKinner and op conditioning
personality is recation to situation
radical behaviorists: personalitt is a result of conditioning alone
Social-Cognitive Theory
blends elemnts of cognitive perspective, behaviorist perspective, and sociocultural perspective #Bobo doll
Self-efficacy
sense that you can control outcomes in enviro
Reciprocal determinism
Bandura
cycle/traingle loop with behavior, enviro, and thinking
develop through watching others, but also choose envrios, which expose us to things, which leads us to make more choices……
act funny, people laugh, I’m funny, tell more jokes
Julian Rotter
Loci of Control
Rotten tomatoes—> control perceptions of movies
social-cognitive
Internal Locus of control
Julian Rotter
control the consequences of behaviors
steer ship
what can I do better?
Extrernal Locus of control
Julian Rotter outcomes out of control can't really influence what happens life happens to them don't get a job- bad luck
George Kelly
personal construct
kelly constructs the plant box
Personal Construct
George Kelly
individual views of right and wrong that we eeach construct
personality is built from interpretations of life
some like silence, some hate it
melissa is moral copmass
social-cognitive
Seligman
learned helplessness
explanatory styles
social-cognitive
Explanatory styles
how we explain success and failure
Optimistic Explanatory style
more likely to tell self that bad thimes won’t last, don’t need to affect whole life
tend not to blame self
Kaylee Andy
Pessimistic Explanatory
see bad times as stable and unlikely to change painful events impact whole lives
blame self
April
Humanistic Perspective
upbeat and optimistic
person-centered
inner capactiy for growth and self-fulfillment
Personality a result of individual’s conscious choices to shape world
third force in psych
Criticism of humanism
unrealistically positive about human motivations
ignores capactity for evil
empirics though
Self-actualization
Maslow
fullest potential
Maslow
self-actualization and hierarchy of needs
Rogers
real self(who you are) vs ideal seld(who you want to be) Unconditional Positive Regard
UPR
nonjudgemental love
opp of conditions of worth—> love is more than just certain requirements
Individualism
individual achievement
personal goals
independence and leadership
Collectivism
group goals
garmony
Fritz Heider
Attribution Theory
attribution explains the causes of behavior ours and others
dispositional attribution
attribute outcome to seld internal aspect owning it fail a test ---> I could have and should have tried harder work hard, do well
Situational Attribution
attribute outcome to nonself enviro
throwing it at ecternal force
fail a test, well the room wasn’t pink so #Sax not gonna pass
Fundamental Attribution Errors
make dispositional attribution for negative behavior of others while ignoring situational
get cut off, he is mean (not oh maybe he really needs to get to hospital)
Savants
indiciduals with serious cognitive limitations such as intellectual disabilities or autism who have a remarkable talent in like art or music
Charles Spearman
Spearman—> spearmint—> gum —>g
General intelligence
g Spearman can be empirically assessed one factor underlies ability to perform well on many tests skill (s) supported by gen intelligence arrived at from factor analysis
Factor Analysis
statistical technique to that looks at correlations
measures extent to which there are common factors
Fluid and Crystalized Intelligence
Cattell
break down intelligence into two things
Crystallized Intelligence
Cattell absorb, retain, and access info acquired knowledge semantic memory increases over time
Fluid Intelligence
ability to process info quickly and solve problems that haven't been seen before speed and flexibility relationships between problems algorithms and heuristics spatial/visualization declines with age
Louis Thurstone
seven primary mental abilities factor analysis Verbal comprehension Verbal Fluency Inductive Reasoning Spatial Tasks Number Computations Memory Perceptual Speed opposition to Spearman all equally imp VVIPS NM vvips no more
Triarchic Theory
Sternberg a cognitive theory pratical intelligence analytical intelligence creative intelligence PAC--> what do oyu need to form a pac? have to be able to look at the issues (analytical) think of new solutions (creative) and sell it to donors (practical) all three are independent and different dimensions for evaluating and describing people
Practical Intelligence
cope with people and events read others street smarts not IQ horse track Sternberg Triarchic Theory
Analytical Intelligence
Sternberg
Triarchic Theory
logical reasoning
analyze problems and find answers related to grades
Creative Intelligence
New ideas and relationships among concepts
ex. Picasso and cubism
thinking up a theory
Multiple Intelligence
Gardner seven separate mental abilities mant flowers Linguistic Logical Spatial Musical Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Interpersonal Emotional Naturalistic Spiritual Existential BILLS MINEES diff parts of brain
Linguistic Intelligence
Gardner
IQ tests vocab reading comp
Logical Mathemtical Intelligence
Gardner IQ analogies math logic
Spatial Intelligence
Gardner form mental images and spatial relations
Musical Intelligence
Garnder
perform compose and appreciate music
Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence
Controlled movement and coordination
Gardner
Interpersonal Intelligence
Gardner
understand emotions, intentions, and actions of others
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Gardner
know one seld, sense of ident, regulate life
Emotional Intelligence
Similar to interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence
gardner
Naturlastic INtelligence
classify living things
hunter gatherer
all about that nature
gardner
Spiritual Intelligence
think in abstract, spiritual terms
Diff cultures have diff values
gardner
Existential Intelligence
Largest and smallest parts of universe, meaning of life, profound emotional experiences
Gardner
Guilford’s cube Theory
over 150 cognitive skills
like he had 150 different cubes, each for a skill
Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence Theory
Emotional Inelligence
the ability to understand and regulate your emotions and to understand others emotions
Heritability
refers to the amount og difference within a particular group that can be attributed to genetics
Heritability of INtelligence
50-60% heritable
50-60% of difference can be attributed to heredity
Flynn Effect
IQ scores are increasing `
Standardization
dev test-taking and scoring procedures that are consistent
- directions, timing of test
- norm the test
SAT
500 mean
100 SD
200-800 Range
Reliability
ALL ABOUT THE SCORING WANT CONSISTENT SCORING test-retest alternate forms split half inter rater intra rater
Test retest reliability
take same over again, scores should be similar
Alternate forms reliability
SAT in October vs in May (equivalent forms)
Split half- reliability
see if the first half is as difficult as secong half
Inter-rater reliability
more than one judge
different people grade, should have same or similar scores
AP reader
Intra-rater reliability
Murph grades essats takes first four and then regrades
Validity
how approprite the test, details, nuts and bolts that make up the test
does the test measure what it claims to measure
predictive
face
contentnt
construct
criterion
Predictive Validity
thest test predicts some other measure or outsome
es SAT claims to predict 1st year college grades
aggressiong test and crim behav
Face Validity
quick assess of test [title and first question = music, leave it at that] quick content
Content Validity
in depth
does it test content/body of material you want it to assess
ex. Napoleon test but questions on royal family lacks in content validity
Construct Validity
build NOT CONTENT was it built to match the theory it is measuring ex. levels of hyperactivity start by defining/constructing hyper needs to address hyper meausre characteristics ex. depression, just helplessness would be low in construct validity
Criterion Validity
look at other measures
compare other measures
WAIS, more than just one type of intelligence
ex. recruit for football, not just scoring in one game, also respectful and intelligent and fast
MIT study
femalre avg 10 points lower on SAT math but at end of second year, same GPA
False positive
ex. test says they have schiz, when they really don’t
Achievement tests
are designed to measure what one has learned
ex. Psych, APUSH
Aptitude test
designed to measure one's capacity for some future learning or task; what one is apt to do SAT meant to be IQ as well not though conduct disorder Occupational?
Projective Test
test taker projects thoughts/ feeling onto stimuli
subjective
tester interprets
Rorshach
1920s
swiss
Rorshach Test
10 cards 5 bw 5 color decide what is going on in the pic
Inkblot
score based on
location- whole/parts/details
determinants- how color and forms are used
content- people objects sex
popularity- compare to others
tester interprets
good test retest
low prefictive validity (except for schizophrenia )
TAT Thematic Apperception Test
achievement motivation 10-20 cards, make up a story tester looks for similarities depends on tester low reliability low validity with personality good predictive with achievement motivation (moderate) same with aggression and arousal
Objective Tests
scoring completed wit ha rubrix leaving little/no subjectivity from the scorer T/F Likert forced choise self-report
MMPI II
Myers briggs
16 PF
NEO-PI
MMPI II
objective test
originally designed to diagnose disorders
still used in forensice psych/gen personality
notmed with disordered populations
500 T/F
Myers Briggs
126 forced choice
rate them
heavily used by employers
objective test
NEO-PI
big 5
objective test
pretty good reliability
Barnum Effect
apply descriptions to ourselves that are general sucker syndrome horoscope personality demo fortune teller
Intern’s Warning
can’t diagnose people
peer pressure and group norms
different groups have different beliefs about school success
innate vs hard work
Stereotype threat
Claude Steele
people reminded of a negative stereotype about their group, hurts performance
girls and math
Self-fulfilling
if you believe it, it comes true
ex. in honors math, kids “know” they are good at math, kids in others may not so MCAS is harder for them
Question Familiarity
one criticism is that on many tests the questions are more familiar to middle class/upper middle class than others
Motivation as explanation for group difference
remember Maslow’s hierarchy?
kids who are worried about survival won’t care as much about schools
some schools have anti-intellectual so doing well is bad
Intelligence Quotient
revision of Binet’s idea of mental age
IQ= mental age/chronological age * 100
works for adults but not kids
no longer used
Standardized IQ
intelligence test scores plotted on a normal curve mean=median=mode mean = 100 std dev = 15 1/2 85-115 4% exceptional
WAIS/WISC
most common IQ tests verbal comprehension perceptual reasoning working memory processing speed index two broad scores FSIQ and GAI
Raven’s Progressive Matrices
similar to the performance scale tasks on the WAIS
some believe it is the best measure of fluid intelligence
Intellectual Disability
limited cognitive and adaptive functioning
adaptive functioning- ability to care for seld and meet general social expectations tend to have trouble with executive functions (planning strategies, doing multi-step problems, metacognitive skills)
can be result of multiple causes
originally just IQ
not IQ and adaptive
prefers using classifications based on the support they need
1. intermittent (as needed)
limited may be a limited time
extensive- long terms involvement (help with everyday)
4. pervasive = intense, long-term care
Giftedeness
top 1% of pop IQ>135 IQ>145
other ratings use more than IQ
above avg IQ but extremely high levels of motivaiton or creativity
tend to come up with more ideas, better divergent thinking
isolated
may just be one domain
group tests
given to many people at once
individual tests
given in a one-on-one setting
speed tests
timed
gnerally more items than the typical person can finish in th etime
relies on fluid intelligence
Power tests
become more difficult as they go on
designed to measure upper limit of ability
norms
give to a representative sample of indivduals similar to those it is designed for to get a standard
