Perception and Decision-making

Question 1

Definition : Perception

Answer 1

a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment

Question 2

Confirmation bias

Answer 2

tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgement

Question 3

Attribution theory

Answer 3

analyzing an individuals behavior to determine wether causation was internally or externally
Three factors : distinctiveness, consensus, consistency

Question 4

Cognitive heuristic

Answer 4

mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently

Question 5

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 5

underestimation of the influence of external factors and overestimation of internal/personal once

Question 6

Self-serving bias

Answer 6

individuals attribute own successes to internal factors ( effort, ability etc.), while putting failure on external factors

Question 7

Selective perception

Answer 7

characteristics that makes a person, object, event stand out
We cant observe everything around us

Question 8

Halo-effect

Answer 8

Occurs when we draw a general impression based on a single characteristic

Question 9

Contrast effects

Answer 9

our reaction to one person is influenced by others we recently encountered ( f.e interview situation)

Question 10

Stereotyping

Answer 10

Judging someone based on ones perception on the group to which that person belongs

Question 11

Similarity attraction theory

Answer 11

the more similar to themselves an observer perceives another person to be in terms of personality, attitudes, values or demographic characteristics, the more prone they are like to trust and interact

Question 12

Halo and horn effects at interviews

Answer 12

Interviewer either perceives something positive or negative about an applicant

Question 13

Performance expectation

Answer 13

evidence demonstrates that people will attempt to validate their perceptions of reality, even when those perceptions are faulty ( self-fulfilling prophecy, pygmalion effect )
f.e if an manager expects an employee to do good, he will also perceive his performance higher

Question 14

pygmalion effect

Answer 14

others’ expectations of a target person affect the target person’s performance

Question 15

Performance evaluation

Answer 15

an employees performance appraisal depends very much on the perceptual process

Question 16

Performance and primary/recency effects

Answer 16

managers can be vulnerable to primary and recency events effects : information presented early or late in a sequence dominates memory and judgements

Question 17

Reducing bias

Answer 17

• Accountability : holding managers to account

- reliable and valid scales

Question 18

Which dimensions are adaptive in decision making ?

Answer 18

Comprehesive information gathering, internal locus of control, absence of procrastination, fast decision making, and low dependence on others

Question 19

Group decision making

Answer 19

major decisions are made by groups of people and not individuals
- integrating diversity of knowledge, skills, abilities and values

Question 20

Cost of decision making in groups

Answer 20

consume time

problem of communication, rivalry and conflict

Question 21

Diversity and effectiveness of decisions

Answer 21

• abilities and training of individuals
• effectiveness determined by the kind of task
• context of the task, and how decide to solve it