Perception

Question 1

another word for perception

Answer 1

consciousness

Question 2

define perception

Answer 2

integration of sensory information to form “percept”. Must involve memory.

Question 3

define top-down and bottom-up processing.

Answer 3

yeah, define it

Question 4

Define visual capture

Answer 4

the ability of the the visual senses to override the other senses.

Question 5

Define the McGurk effect

Answer 5

the ability of the visual senses to override the auditory senses, where a girl may be lipping “bar” but the soundtrack is actually “far”. We will here “bar”

Question 6

Figure-ground defintion

Answer 6

in order to perceive, we need to perceive a figure as being distinct from its surroundings

Question 7

how many dimmensions does our retina have?

Answer 7

2

Question 8

what is cool about depth perception of the eye?

Answer 8

We only have a two dimension retina, yet we are partially born with the ability to perceive three dimensions

Question 9

Define binocular cues.

Answer 9

The two eyes do not see the same thing. Therefore, the two images are patched together to give an example of depth perception

Question 10

what is a stereogram?

Answer 10

contain two different views of the same image

Question 11

Define monocular cues

Answer 11

Things such as relative size, height, and linear perspective that allow us to get a sense of three dimensions.

Question 12

Define relative size

Answer 12

Near objects are larger that far objects

Question 13

Define relative height

Answer 13

far objects are higher on the visual field

Question 14

Deifne linear perspective

Answer 14

Linear lines merge as they go off into the distance

Question 15

Define interpositin

Answer 15

the near object will block a far object

Question 16

Define relative brightness

Answer 16

near objects reflect more light than far objects. shading provides an illusion for depth

Question 17

How is shading used in technology

Answer 17

placement of shading allows for differences in depth perception

Question 18

How do we perceive motion?

Answer 18

light sequentially stimulating one retinal cell after another

Question 19

what part of the eye is very good at detecting movement?

Answer 19

rods

Question 20

Define stroboscopic motion

Answer 20

Still pictures vary slightly in position.

Question 21

Define apparent (illusional) movement

Answer 21

When an image chagnes position on the retina, it is pervceived to move, except for when you move your eyes and the image doesnt movve

Question 22

Define apparent motion

Answer 22

Based on your visual cortex making an error. It misinterprets eye movement for the image movement

Question 23

Define perceptual constancies

Answer 23

allows us to perceive an object as unchagning even though the stimuli that fall on our recptors have changed

Question 24

shape constancy

Answer 24

a person may walk away, but we know he stays the same size

Question 25

Define perceptual context

Answer 25

Identical colours are not perceived the same when placed on different backgrounds. Context changes the perception.

Question 26

with people who receive sight late in life, they cannot...

Answer 26

1. recognize objects 2. cant recognize faces 3. lack of perceptual constancy ( if someone gets further away)

Question 27

Perceptual adaptation: what happens to non-mammals when they have their retina rotated?

Answer 27

They cannot learn to re-see right-side-up

Question 28

what is important for learning perception?

Answer 28

It must occur within a critical period. If they mess with what a person sees in a critical period of development, they can be permanently damaged and can never perceive properly

Question 29

What is gestalt psychology?

Answer 29

given a cluster of sensations, the perceiver organizes them into a "whole" of a "gestalt"

Question 30

Define Figure-ground perception?

Answer 30

The process by which we perceive, where we need an object to be disticnt from its surroundings

Question 31

Grouping defintion

Answer 31

The process of grouping stimuli together.

Question 32

What is Weber's law?

Answer 32

Delta I/I = k

Question 33

What is adaptation?

Answer 33

if a stimulus intensity remains constant, our sensory receptors adapt to it, and we dont hear it as much

Question 34

What are the three parts of the retina?

Answer 34

1. Cones and rods 2. Fovea 3. Blind spot

Question 35

What are the four major components of the eye?

Answer 35

Cornea Lens Iris/pupil Retina

Question 36

When light strikes the eye, what is the first thing that happens?

Answer 36

The rods and cones have a chemical reaction to it

Question 37

What occurs after the rods and cones have a chemical reaction to light?

Answer 37

First of all, the reaction must be strong enough. Given that it is strong enough, the bipolar cells are activated

Question 38

What do the bipolar cells activate?

Answer 38

The ganglion cells

Question 39

Where do the axons of the ganglion converge, and what is it called?

Answer 39

They converge at the blind spot to form the optic nerve

Question 40

What are the three types of cones?

Answer 40

red, green and blue

Question 41

Define cones? (5)

Answer 41

1. packed in the center of retina, near the fovea (where vision is most acute) 2. can project to single or several bipolar cells 3. The output of the cone must be very high to be activated 4. Output is dependent on the intensity of light 5. Need a great deal of light to see in colour

Question 42

Define the rods (6)

Answer 42

1. In the perphery 2. There are many more rods than cones 3. Spaced far apart 4. Excellent for detecting movement 5. Not sensitive to colour 6. several rods project to a single bipolar cell, so sensitive to low levels of light

Question 43

Define the Young-Helmholtz 3 colour theory

Answer 43

States that we see colour by the cones of our eyes mixing the three basic colours

Question 44

What is the problem with the Young-Helmholtz laws?

Answer 44

We never see a redish-green or a blueish yellow colour.

Question 45

What is the the Hering 2-colour theory?

Answer 45

The red and green cones project to common bipolar cell. | Red-green bipolar cell increases firing when red is presented but decreases firing when green is presented

Question 46

What is the crossing point optic nerves called?

Answer 46

optic chiasm

Question 47

What is the Gate control theory (Melzack and Wall)

Answer 47

1. Bottom-up processing, where pain receptor and other sensation received simultaneously, and attention is given to other sensation, so we do not feel the pain 2. Top-down processing, consciously will to ignore pain and attend to something else