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Psychology 101 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

another word for perception

A

consciousness

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2
Q

define perception

A

integration of sensory information to form “percept”. Must involve memory.

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3
Q

define top-down and bottom-up processing.

A

yeah, define it

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4
Q

Define visual capture

A

the ability of the the visual senses to override the other senses.

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5
Q

Define the McGurk effect

A

the ability of the visual senses to override the auditory senses, where a girl may be lipping “bar” but the soundtrack is actually “far”. We will here “bar”

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6
Q

Figure-ground defintion

A

in order to perceive, we need to perceive a figure as being distinct from its surroundings

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7
Q

how many dimmensions does our retina have?

A

2

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8
Q

what is cool about depth perception of the eye?

A

We only have a two dimension retina, yet we are partially born with the ability to perceive three dimensions

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9
Q

Define binocular cues.

A

The two eyes do not see the same thing. Therefore, the two images are patched together to give an example of depth perception

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10
Q

what is a stereogram?

A

contain two different views of the same image

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11
Q

Define monocular cues

A

Things such as relative size, height, and linear perspective that allow us to get a sense of three dimensions.

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12
Q

Define relative size

A

Near objects are larger that far objects

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13
Q

Define relative height

A

far objects are higher on the visual field

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14
Q

Deifne linear perspective

A

Linear lines merge as they go off into the distance

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15
Q

Define interpositin

A

the near object will block a far object

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16
Q

Define relative brightness

A

near objects reflect more light than far objects. shading provides an illusion for depth

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17
Q

How is shading used in technology

A

placement of shading allows for differences in depth perception

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18
Q

How do we perceive motion?

A

light sequentially stimulating one retinal cell after another

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19
Q

what part of the eye is very good at detecting movement?

A

rods

20
Q

Define stroboscopic motion

A

Still pictures vary slightly in position.

21
Q

Define apparent (illusional) movement

A

When an image chagnes position on the retina, it is pervceived to move, except for when you move your eyes and the image doesnt movve

22
Q

Define apparent motion

A

Based on your visual cortex making an error. It misinterprets eye movement for the image movement

23
Q

Define perceptual constancies

A

allows us to perceive an object as unchagning even though the stimuli that fall on our recptors have changed

24
Q

shape constancy

A

a person may walk away, but we know he stays the same size

25
Q

Define perceptual context

A

Identical colours are not perceived the same when placed on different backgrounds. Context changes the perception.

26
Q

with people who receive sight late in life, they cannot…

A
  1. recognize objects
  2. cant recognize faces
  3. lack of perceptual constancy ( if someone gets further away)
27
Q

Perceptual adaptation: what happens to non-mammals when they have their retina rotated?

A

They cannot learn to re-see right-side-up

28
Q

what is important for learning perception?

A

It must occur within a critical period. If they mess with what a person sees in a critical period of development, they can be permanently damaged and can never perceive properly

29
Q

What is gestalt psychology?

A

given a cluster of sensations, the perceiver organizes them into a “whole” of a “gestalt”

30
Q

Define Figure-ground perception?

A

The process by which we perceive, where we need an object to be disticnt from its surroundings

31
Q

Grouping defintion

A

The process of grouping stimuli together.

32
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A

Delta I/I = k

33
Q

What is adaptation?

A

if a stimulus intensity remains constant, our sensory receptors adapt to it, and we dont hear it as much

34
Q

What are the three parts of the retina?

A
  1. Cones and rods
  2. Fovea
  3. Blind spot
35
Q

What are the four major components of the eye?

A

Cornea
Lens
Iris/pupil
Retina

36
Q

When light strikes the eye, what is the first thing that happens?

A

The rods and cones have a chemical reaction to it

37
Q

What occurs after the rods and cones have a chemical reaction to light?

A

First of all, the reaction must be strong enough. Given that it is strong enough, the bipolar cells are activated

38
Q

What do the bipolar cells activate?

A

The ganglion cells

39
Q

Where do the axons of the ganglion converge, and what is it called?

A

They converge at the blind spot to form the optic nerve

40
Q

What are the three types of cones?

A

red, green and blue

41
Q

Define cones? (5)

A
  1. packed in the center of retina, near the fovea (where vision is most acute)
  2. can project to single or several bipolar cells
  3. The output of the cone must be very high to be activated
  4. Output is dependent on the intensity of light
  5. Need a great deal of light to see in colour
42
Q

Define the rods (6)

A
  1. In the perphery
  2. There are many more rods than cones
  3. Spaced far apart
  4. Excellent for detecting movement
  5. Not sensitive to colour
  6. several rods project to a single bipolar cell, so sensitive to low levels of light
43
Q

Define the Young-Helmholtz 3 colour theory

A

States that we see colour by the cones of our eyes mixing the three basic colours

44
Q

What is the problem with the Young-Helmholtz laws?

A

We never see a redish-green or a blueish yellow colour.

45
Q

What is the the Hering 2-colour theory?

A

The red and green cones project to common bipolar cell.

Red-green bipolar cell increases firing when red is presented but decreases firing when green is presented

46
Q

What is the crossing point optic nerves called?

A

optic chiasm

47
Q

What is the Gate control theory (Melzack and Wall)

A
  1. Bottom-up processing, where pain receptor and other sensation received simultaneously, and attention is given to other sensation, so we do not feel the pain
  2. Top-down processing, consciously will to ignore pain and attend to something else

Psychology 101 (18 decks)

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