attention Flashcards
Define passive attention
Becoming conscious of the unattended
Does passive attention require effort?
NO
Define distraction
Intrusion into consciousness from the task that is being focused on
How does attention of this kind play for ADD?
People have their attention taken away from their tasks by very irrelevant stuff
Define capacity theory
States that some tasks require a great deal of cortical effort while others require little. The central executive determines how resources will be divided based on the demands of the various tasks. Tasks that make a large demands on the central resources will require more effort and controlled motor processing. Processing of one task affects performance on another.
Serial processing defintion
Processing a secondary task cannot begin until the first task is completed
Define automatic processing
No effort, no utility of processing of resources to accomplish a task. Task is becoming automatic
Define parallel processing
multitasking, several tasks carried out at the same time
What can parallel processing also be called?
Divided attention? Make sure
What is apparent multitasking?
Switching between a whole a bunch tasks, such as studying and looking on the web and texting. You aren’t actually multitasking. You are just going back and forth between tasks
What are some problems of automatic processing?
Processing of an automatic can interfer with the processing in another task. If we could avoid processing the automatic task, performance would improve
What is the stroop effect?
Where when we see a word, we define it in our minds. If we are asked to state the color of a word, and the word spells a color, we usually get it wrong
Define habituation
The responce to repaeated, constant stimuluous will efeect and smaller and smaller responce until ther is none
How habituation works
Features of incoming stimulous are compared with memory. If they match, we decide to ignore it
Is habituation learning? How?
yes. We learn that a stimulous brings about a certain consequence, and we learn to ignore it
Is habituation found across all organisms, even simpler ones?
Yes
Who discovered classical conditioning?
I. Pavlov in the 1920s
What was the MO of classical conditioning?
You pair a neutral stimulous and an unconditoned stimulous in order to bring about a response in a dog, like salivating. you ring a bell and give food. after a while, the dog associated bells with food. after a while, they even salivated just when the bell was rung. reword this
Define aquisition
association is formed between two previously unrelated stimuli. (UCS-CS pairing)
When will CR be obtained?
It only comes after constant repetition of UCS and CS
Generalization definition
Following conditioning, other stimuli similar to the CS will also elicit CR.
Extinction definition
Remove UCS, CR will gradually diminish
Define spontaneous recovery
a slight recurrence of stimuli and response some time after the experiment was paused
Thorndikes Law of Effect
Responses to a satisfying situation, and the desire to do it again
Who laid out the basic tenets of the science of behaviour?
J. Watson
What is operant conditioning
Strict operational definition and observation of stimulus, response, and consequences of responding. If an organism continues to respond to a stimulus because of the consequence
What is a skinner box?
A highly controlled enviro, all aspects of behaviour are controlled, all things the same except the stimulous
Define shaping
successive approximation of R. Reinforcer is more difficult to get every time, so the animal has to learn new tasks in order to get stimulous
What is the principle of operant conditioning
Reinforcement is contingent on the organisms responding to the stimulous
Definition of reinforcer
Anything that increases the rate of responding is called a reinforcer
Define positive reiforcment
a reward following an appropriate response
Define negative reinforcment
Negative reinforcers remove the organism from an aversive situation
Ex. a rat is continuously shocked. They learn to push bar to turn off the shock.
Be sure to define the differences between the negative -positive reinforcement, and the different combinations there in.
gotcha
What does UCR stand for?
Un Conditioned Response
What does CR stand for?
Conditioned response
What does CS stand for?
Conditioned stimulous
What does UCS stand for?
Un Conditioned stimulous
Define positive reinforcement
Positive reinforcement works by presenting a motivating/reinforcing stimulus to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future.
Define negative reinforcment
When the person does something that is no acceptable, they get some privilege taken away.
