Consciousness

Question 1

what is selective attention?

Answer 1

The selective attention process is the ability to focus on just one thing and respond.

Question 2

Define circadian rhythms

Answer 2

a cycle that repeats every 24 hours

Question 3

Define the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 3

Located immediately superior to optic chiams. helps regulate the clocks?? contrlled

Question 4

How do we learn if sleep cycle is controlled by light

Answer 4

We put someone in an environment where light does not change, no cues for time.

Question 5

what are three ways to measure brain while sleeping

Answer 5

electroencephalogram, electromyogram, electroooculogram

Question 6

Definition of sleep

Answer 6

state of unconciousness

Question 7

where does inhibition of processing occur

Answer 7

in the thalamous

Question 8

what is overt behaviour

Answer 8

subjects signaled awareness

Question 9

what is arousal (alertness)

Answer 9

cortical awareness

Question 10

what is the awake and alert (beta) frequency for an eeg

Answer 10

15+ hertz

Question 11

what is alpha (relaxed alertness) frequency in an EEG

Answer 11

8-12 hertz

Question 12

theta (light sleep, drowsiness) frequency on an EEG

Answer 12

4-7 hertz

Question 13

delta (coma) frequency on an EEG

Answer 13

1-3 hertz

Question 14

What are the stages of sleep

Answer 14

Stage N1, Stage N2, Stage N3, REM

Question 15

what two stages of sleep are amalgamated to form NREM

Answer 15

N2 and N3

Question 16

what is the definition of a waking state

Answer 16

usually alpha or beta/

Question 17

Defintion of N1

Answer 17

Brief period during the transition from a waking to sleeping state
EEG shows less than 50% alpha
EOG shows slow rolling movements
hypnogogic reverie
they start to lose conciousness

Question 18

what does hypnogogic reverie

Answer 18

drowsiness

Question 19

Stage N2 definition

Answer 19

EEG shows slower frequencies (alpha and theta)

subject definitely asleep

Question 20

what are sleep spindles

Answer 20

inhibitors of processing of external stimulous

Question 21

The K-complex defintion

Answer 21

the means to detect a highly significant stimulous during the night; will not always allow you to wake up

Question 22

Stage N3 definition

Answer 22

frequencies occur in the data range delta activity
occupies 25% of sleep
mainly occurs in the first half of the night

Question 23

Definition of Non-REM sleep

Answer 23

Night terrors; sleep walking (but sleeper is unconciousness) within stage N3 (zombie-like)

Question 24

Stage REM sleep definition

Answer 24

very difficult to awake (thus named paradoxical sleep)
90 min cycle
most of stage REM at the end of the night
Rapid eye movements, dreaming, and muscle inhibition

Question 25

Can the experimenter influence dreams of the patient

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

What is the purpose of dreams acoording to Freud

Answer 26

release of repressed desires and drives

Question 27

what is one explanation of bizarre dreams

Answer 27

inhibition of frontal lobe

Question 28

what are dreams and nightmares

Answer 28

Strong emotional REM dream (fear, but also sadness, despair) | occur most often in teens

Question 29

what is the paradox in paradoxical sleep

Answer 29

the cortex seems to be conscious, yet sleeper is very unconcious

Question 30

Changes in REM amounts of sleep as we age?

Answer 30

Lots at birth, but decreases rapidly

Question 31

Recapitulation Theory?

Answer 31

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny; basically, the embryo undergoes changes as it grows into an adult.

Question 32

What animals sleep longer?

Answer 32

animals with highest metabolism have longest total sleep time

Question 33

Where are arousal thresholds to awaken the highest?

Answer 33

REM

Question 34

How is REM sleep distributed in animals?

Answer 34

Predators enjoy more REM sleep, Prey enjoy much less

Question 35

How do sea mammals keep from sinking while Sleeping in REM?

Answer 35

Only one side of the brain sleeps at a time, the other side is still awake

Question 36

What are some effects of sleep deprivation

Answer 36

Major effect: sleepiness; irritability

Question 37

What is the first area of the brain that falls asleep?

Answer 37

The frontal lobes

Question 38

When is the immune system active during sleep (also give the stage number)?

Answer 38

NREM, N3

Question 39

What is the first thing that happens after a person who has been deprived of sleep goes to sleep?

Answer 39

Very fast onset of NREM

Question 40

What is the consequence of deprivation of NREM sleep?

Answer 40

animals become very sick and eventually die

Question 41

What horomones are released during NREM?

Answer 41

Growth

Question 42

What part of sleep is required for the onset of puberty and growth?

Answer 42

NREM

Question 43

what have studies have shown with sleeping and learning?

Answer 43

The task that is learned is performed better after sleep

Question 44

In what stage of sleep do you imprint and hone new tasks?

Answer 44

NREM

Question 45

When does REM occur?

Answer 45

Mostly in the second half of the night

Question 46

what are some skills are learned in REM sleep

Answer 46

non-declarative memory, motor skills, and emotional memory, certain aspects of second language learning

Question 47

What is cricks theory of REM sleep?

Answer 47

This is when you get rid of unneeded memoryies

Question 48

What lack of sleep cycle will result in no conversion of shsort term memory to long term memory?

Answer 48

REM

Question 49

What causes insomnia?

Answer 49

Variety of factors, such as reaing books or watching television

Question 50

What is narcolepsy

Answer 50

They go directly to REM, they fall asleep randomly when relaxed

Question 51

What is cataplexy

Answer 51

Strong emotion that causes a person to lose conciousness

Question 52

What is orexin?

Answer 52

Orexin, also called hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite.

Question 53

What is apnea?

Answer 53

Where the person is lying on their back, and the tongue blocks the airway. can cause sudden infant death

Question 54

What is selective attention?

Answer 54

The process by which we become concious of stimulous, but then decide to remove it

Question 55

What is information overload?

Answer 55

The inability to select what is relevant and irrelevant

Question 56

what is your central executive?

Answer 56

frontal lobe

Question 57

The place where the frontal lobe stores relevant stimuli Is called... also known as short term memory

Answer 57

working memory

Question 58

What does the brain do with all incoming stimuli?

Answer 58

It is compared with all existing memory for a match

Question 59

What kind of attention requires no effort?

Answer 59

Passive attention

Question 60

What causes narcolepsy?

Answer 60

The most common form of narcolepsy, in which the sufferer briefly loses muscle tone (cataplexy), is caused by a lack of orexin in the brain due to destruction of the cells that produce it.

Question 61

alpah waves are best associated with...

Answer 61

a relaxed yet awake state

Question 62

what occurs durring REM sleep (physically)

Answer 62

genital arousal

Question 63

sleep iducing hormone

Answer 63

mmelatonin