Perceiving Flashcards
what is selective perception?
- selectively narrow our perception, ignoring certain aspects on environment and focusing on others
- may discount relevant info and focus on less relevant info
- explains how we can see same thing so differently
describe the attribution theory
- we observe someone in action
- we want to attribute it to either:
- something about person’s traits or dispositions (INTERNAL attribution)
- something about circumstance (EXTERNAL attribution)
we often underestimate ____ factors and overestimate ___ factors
external, internal
what is the similar-to-me effect?
judging others who are more similar to you in a more positive light than those who aren’t
describe the halo effect (three things)
- form overall impression based on one characteristic –> positive or negative
- because good at X, also good at Y,Z
- no mixed performance
what are two ways in which we take cognitive shortcuts?
- drawing on stereotypes (conscious or unconscious)
2. implicit biases (unconscious)
___ ____ affects the behaviour of people who fit in the categories and relates to negative stereotypes
stereotype threat
what are the 3 components of the stereotype threat
- when people are in situations where they run the risk of fulfilling a negative stereotype
- this possibility is experienced as threat, creates stress
- increases possibility of fulfilling negative stereotype
what is the self-fulfilling prophecy?
once an expectation is set we act in ways that are consistent with it
what is the phenomenon whereby higher expectations lead to an increase in performance
Pygmalion effect
what is the psychological phenomenon in which lower expectations placed upon individuals either by supervisors or the individual themselves lead to poorer performance by the individual
Golem effect
Pygmalion and Golem effect are associated with which prophecy?
self-fulfilling prophecy
what is the immediate connection between two things?
implicit association
describe implicit association
- accurate predictor of how we act in spontaneous situations
- no justification or decision-making required
- create bias in our perceptions of others and opportunities
describe blink or rapid cognition
- adaptive unconscious
- impressions and preferences almost instantaneous
- our minds take about 2 secs to form conclusions
positive=fact driven
negative=implicit associations