Motivation

Question 1

what are the three things that make up motivation?

Answer 1

1. intensity (how hard person tries)
2. direction (where effort is channeled)
3. persistence (how long effort is maintained)

Question 2

what are the two sources of motivation?

Answer 2

1. extrinsic motivators

2. intrinsic motivators

Question 3

what are examples of goals for an organization?

Answer 3

low absenteeism, creativity, high productivity, etc

Question 4

what are examples of goals for an individual?

Answer 4

personal dev, financial goals, recognition

Question 5

which needs theory is popular but research does not support it?

Answer 5

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Question 6

In McClelland’s Theory of Needs, what are the 3 needs?

Answer 6

1. need for affiliation
2. need for achievement
3. need for power

Question 7

which needs theory predicts that people are motivated to seek out and perform well in jobs that match their needs?

Answer 7

McClelland’s Theory of Needs

Question 8

describe the need for affiliation in McClelland’s theory

Answer 8

• desire to be associated with specific people and groups
• strong need to belong to and be identified with a group
• attempts to forge friendly and close interpersonal relationships

Question 9

describe the need for achievement in McClelland’s theory

Answer 9

• desire to do something better or more efficiently
• want to solve problems
• master tasks
• prefer work that involves individual responsibility for results, provides feedback on perf, challenging goals

Question 10

describe the need for power in McClelland’s theory

Answer 10

• desire to control other persons and influence their behaviour
• prefer work that has impact on people, brings public recognition

Question 11

what is the Equity Theory

Answer 11

• we make comparison between our inputs and outputs compared to others similar to us
• tension arises when unequal

Question 12

what are three ways of dealing with under or over-reward (Equity theory?)

Answer 12

1. change reference point
2. change inputs
3. change outcomes

Question 13

What is the theory that says that intrinsic rewards decline when extrinsic rewards are offered?

Answer 13

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

Question 14

describe cognitive evaluation theory

Answer 14

when someone is motivated to do a task that they love, offering rewards decreases their motivation for it

why?

• you now think of it as work
• feel less in control
• no longer self-determination

Question 15

which theory states that specific and difficult goals lead to higher performance?

Answer 15

Locke’s Goal Setting Theory

Question 16

the most motivating goals are ___ and ___

Answer 16

difficult and specific

Question 17

setting goals motivates in 4 ways:

Answer 17

1. increase persistence
2. regulate effort (energize)
3. direct attention
4. encourage development of plan and action

Question 18

What are Locke’s 3 factors that influence goal to performance connection?

Answer 18

1. goal commitment –> participatory and public
2. tasks –> simple, routine, independent
3. national culture

Question 19

____ is the belief that one is capable of performing a task

Answer 19

self-efficacy

-influences how you respond to a challenge and negative feedback

Question 20

which theory says that motivation is determined by the outcomes people expect to occur as a result of their actions on the job?

Answer 20

Expectancy theory

Question 21

what are the 3 aspects in the Expectancy theory?

Answer 21

1. expectancy: effort will lead to desired performance
2. instrumentality: desired performance will lead to promised rewards
3. valence: the outcome is attractive or valuable to me

Question 22

what are the 5 core dimensions in job crafting?

Answer 22

1. skill variety
2. task identity
3. task significance
4. autonomy
5. feedback

Question 23

what are 3 ways to job craft?

Answer 23

1. change boundaries of job
2. change relationships at work
3. change interpretation of job