Pelvis

Question 1

Name the erector spinae muscles

Answer 1

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

Question 2

Name the transverso spinales muscles

Answer 2

Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores

Question 3

When is there movement at the sacroiliac joint?

Answer 3

At the end pregnancy to facilitate expansion of the pelvic outlet

Question 4

What joint is the pubic symphysis?

Answer 4

2º cartilagenous

Question 5

What is found at the superior sacrum?

Answer 5

Sacral promontory

Question 6

What joins the sacral body to the ileum?

Answer 6

The ala of the sacrum

Question 7

Where is the pectineal line?

Answer 7

Where the pubic bone meets the ileum

Question 8

What are the most common female pelvic inlet shapes?

Answer 8

Android and gynecoid

Question 9

What are the most common male pelvic inlet shapes?

Answer 9

Android and anthropoid

Question 10

How do you tell if a pelvis is female?

Answer 10

Lighter, thinner, angle of pubic arch is wider and pelvic inlet is more oval

Question 11

Where do the anterior abdominal muscles meet?

Answer 11

Midline raphe called the linea alba

Question 12

Name the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 12

Psoas major, (psoas minor), iliacus, quadratus lumborum, some transversus abdominis

Question 13

Action of psoas major

Answer 13

Flexes and laterally rotates hip

Question 14

Action of quadratus lumborum

Answer 14

Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column, stabilises 12th rib while breathing

Question 15

Action of transversus abdominis

Answer 15

Compresses abdomen

Question 16

Action of iliacus

Answer 16

Flexes and laterally rotates hip

Question 17

Describe the thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 17

3 layers:
Posterior thick layer, post surface of erector spinae
Middle between erector spinae and quad lumborum
Anterior thin layer covering quadratus lumborum

Question 18

What is the significance of the psoas fascia?

Answer 18

Joins iliacus fascia in thigh

external iliac vessels lie anterior, nerves of iliac fossa posterior

Question 19

Name the layers of subcutaneous fascia in the anterolateral abdominal wall

Answer 19

Camper fascia= superficial

Scarpa fascia= deep

Question 20

Name the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

Answer 20

External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis

Question 21

What is the function of the inguinal canal

Answer 21

Allows passage of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve plus the testis and associated structures/round ligament of the uterus through the lower section of the anterior abdominal wall

Question 22

What forms the inguinal ligament?

Answer 22

Lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis

Question 23

Describe the deep inguinal ring

Answer 23

A funnel shaped opening in the transversalis fascia, just above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

Question 24

What happens at the superficial inguinal ring?

Answer 24

Structures in the inguinal canal pass through the external oblique aponeurosis into the scrotum/labia majora

Question 25

What is the difference between an indirect and a direct inguinal hernia?

Answer 25

Indirect is through the inguinal ring, lateral to epigastric vessels Direct is through abdominal wall, medial to epigastric vessels

Question 26

What is a femoral hernia?

Answer 26

Protrusion of peritoneum and viscera through abdominal wall below inguinal ligament

Question 27

Clinically, how do you tell whether the inguinal hernia is direct or indirect?

Answer 27

Indirect reappears when patient coughs even when you press on inguinal ring

Question 28

Describe attachments of the piriformis muscle

Answer 28

Anterior aspect of middle 3 sacral vertebrae, fibres pass through greater sciatic foramen then attach to greater trochanter of femur

Question 29

Describe the obturator internus muscle

Answer 29

Obturator foramen-> through lesser sciatic foramen-> greater trochanter of femur

Question 30

What is found between the obturator internus and the piriformis?

Answer 30

Superior gemelli

Question 31

What covers the obturator internus muscle?

Answer 31

Sacrotuberous ligament

Question 32

what is inferior to the obturator internus?

Answer 32

Inferior gemelli & quadratus femoris

Question 33

What do the deep fibres of the external anal sphincter blend with?

Answer 33

The puborectalis muscle (striated, voluntary muscle)

Question 34

What is the anorectal ring?

Answer 34

Consists of external anal sphincter, puborectalis muscle and internal anal sphincter

Question 35

What is the end of the sympathetic trunk called?

Answer 35

The impar ganglion, found infront of coccyx

Question 36

What are the sympathetic plexuses called in the pelvis?

Answer 36

Inferior hypogastric plexuses (inferior to bifurcation of aorta, lateral sides of rectum& extend anteriorly) Pre-aortic plexuses

Question 37

Name the two muscles in the testis

Answer 37

Cremaster and dartos

Question 38

What is the cremasteric reflex?

Answer 38

Softly stroke inner thigh and testis will withdraw/elevate

Question 39

Where is the pubic tubercle?

Answer 39

By the articular surface of the pubic symphysis

Question 40

Which of the sacro- ligaments is more posterior? (on the outside)

Answer 40

Sacrotuberous, starts higher up sacrum

Question 41

Borders of the pelvic outlet?

Answer 41

Ischium, coccyx

Question 42

What makes up the posterior abdominal wall?

Answer 42

Psoas major, quadratus lumborum, iliacus

Question 43

Name the nerves of the lumbar plexus in order with root values

Answer 43

``` Iliohypogastric (L1) Ilioinguinal (L1) Genitofemoral (L1, L2) Lat fem cut nerve of the thigh (L2, L3) Femoral (L2-L4) Obturator (L2-L4) Iliosacral trunk (L4, L5) ```

Question 44

Name the nerves of the sacral plexus

Answer 44

``` Sciatic nerve (L4-S3) Pudendal nerve (S2-S4) ```