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ELC Anatomy > Birth and childhood > Flashcards

Birth and childhood Flashcards

1
Q

When does parturition occur?

A

AT 40 weeks (280 days) after the first day of the the last menstrual eriod

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2
Q

What are the 3 stages of labour?

A

Dilation, expulsion and placental stage

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3
Q

What occurs in the dilation stage of labour? How long does it take?

A

Uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix

Takes 3/24 hrs

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4
Q

Describe how contractions progress in the 1st stage of labour

A

Begin in upper part of uterus and move down towards the cervix
At start may last fir 20sec and be 30 mins apart
Progress and contractions are quicker and more intense

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5
Q

How far does the cervix dilate?

A

Up to roughly 10cm

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6
Q

What counts as premature labour?

A

Less than 37 weeks

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7
Q

What occurs in the second stage of labour?

A

Expulsion of infant from mother

Mother bears down, crowning occurs,

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8
Q

How long does the second stage of labour take?

A

1-2 hrs in 1st pregnancy

15 mins in subsequent pregnancies

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9
Q

How long does the second stage of labour take?

A

1-2 hrs in 1st pregnancy

15 mins in subsequent pregnancies

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10
Q

What happens in stage 3 of labour and how long does it usually take?

A

Delivery of the placenta (afterbirth), 15 mins

Uterine contractions continue for minimisation of blood loss, detachment of placenta and expulsion of placenta

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11
Q

What is crowning?

A

When the largest part of the baby’s head is in the vulva

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12
Q

Describe the normal presentation of the infant

A

Facing down with neck bent forwards and chin tucked in, arms folded across chest

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13
Q

What are the most common abnormal presentation of birth?

A

Breech (bum first, 3% of births)
Shoulder first (needs C-section)
Brow or face

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14
Q

Why is a breech delivery dangerous?

A

Head may be caught inside the mother as it is larger than the buttocks and the cervix will have not opened wide enough
-> pressure on umbilical cord

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15
Q

Why are women in late pregnancy advised not to lie supine?

A

Weight of uterus can put pressure on the inferior vena cava -> mother feels faint and dizzy due to decreased venous return-> lower bp

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16
Q

What is a fetus papyraceous?

A

A mummified fetus, retained in womb after death

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17
Q

What is a fetus papyraceous?

A

A mummified fetus, retained in womb after death

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18
Q

How does a neonate’s body differ from an adult?

A

Proportionally larger head and broad shoulders, small abdomen and poorly developed pelvis and lower limbs

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19
Q

What alters the composition of bone?

A

Amount of exercise taken, nutritional status, age and the presence of disease

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20
Q

What alters the composition of bone?

A

Amount of exercise taken, nutritional status, age and the presence of disease

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21
Q

What is secondary ossification?

A

When long bones grow, epiphyseal growth plate etc

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22
Q

Why are the location of epiphyseal growth plates clinically relevant?

A

To be able to differentiate fractures and growth plates in children’s xrays

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23
Q

When can babies hold their heads up?

A

3 months

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24
Q

What is the primary curvature of the spine?

A

C shaped

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25
Q

How does a neonates thorax differ from an adult?

A

Ribs lie horizontally, thoracic cage is circular

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26
Q

When do the legs undergo extension and medial rotation in a baby?

A

At 6 months, in preparation for standing

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27
Q

Where does growth in the legs and arms of babies occur?

A

More at shoulder and wrist and knee

TEAK- Towards Elbow, Away from Knee

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28
Q

Where does growth in the legs and arms of babies occur?

A

More at shoulder and wrist and knee

TEAK- Towards Elbow, Away from Knee

29
Q

Which is the first carpal bone to ossify?

A

The capitate (in 1st year of postnatal life)

30
Q

When does the last carpal begin to ossify?

A

In the 10th yr of life

31
Q

What is the scientific name for the brain case?

A

The calvarium

32
Q

When are the adult dimensions of the calvarium reached?

A

At 15-16yrs

33
Q

When is the calvarium not unilaminar anymore?

A

By about 4 yrs, two tables of bone + diploe

34
Q

What are ‘soft spots’?

A

The non bony areas of the skull, fibrous tissue instead

called fontanelles

35
Q

Name the fontanelles

A

Anterior, posterior, mastoid (posterolateral) and sphenoidal (anterolateral)

36
Q

Describe the closure of the fontanelles

A

Posterior and sphenoidals close after 2-3 months
Mastoids close by end of 1st yr
Anterior closed by end of 2nd yr

37
Q

What happens by the end of the 2nd yr to the skull?

A

All fontanelles have close and sutures have formed, thus interlocking all bones

38
Q

When do infants get teeth?

A

After about 6 months

39
Q

Where are baby teeth before they erupt?

A

In the maxillae bone

40
Q

When do adult teeth erupt?

A

Start erupting at about 6 yrs of age

41
Q

What is the symphysis menti?

A

Unites the two halves of the mandible at birth

42
Q

Describe the mandible at birth

A

In two halves, joined by the symphysis menti, ossified by 1 yr

43
Q

Describe the temporal bone at birth

A

Internal ear, tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles and mastoid antrum are developed
Tympanic plate and mastoid process still need to develop

44
Q

Describe the temporal bone at birth

A

Internal ear, tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles and mastoid antrum are developed
Tympanic plate and mastoid process still need to develop

45
Q

Why is the absence of a mastoid process at birth clinically significant?

A

Means stylomastoid foramen is exposed so facial nerve is liable to injury

46
Q

What is retention of the testes associated with?

A

Sterlity

47
Q

What happens to the male reproductive system at puberty?

A

Testes enlarge as spermatogenesis begins
Prostate enlarges and the mucous membranes of the seminal vesicles become greatly thickened
Penis grows

48
Q

Describe the ovaries and uterus at birth

A

Ovaries are small but contain all the primary oocytes the female will ever have
Uterus is relatively large due to maternal hormones, loses weight quickly

49
Q

What is the first menstrual period called?

A

Menarche

50
Q

When does axillary and facial hair appear in males?

A

About 2 yrs after pubic hair appears

51
Q

What are the secondary sex characteristics of males?

A

Pubic, axillary and facial hair
Growth of larynx
Broadening of shoulders

52
Q

What are the secondary sex characteristics of females?

A

Pubic and axillary hair, breast development, broadening of hips, distribution of fat to hips and buttocks

53
Q

What happens to the brain after birth?

A

Grows rapidly until 5yrs when it is triple its birth weight

Mainly cerebral cortex growth

54
Q

What happens to the brain after birth?

A

Grows rapidly until 5yrs when it is triple its birth weight

Mainly cerebral cortex growth

55
Q

Where does the spinal cord reach in neonates compared to adults?

A

At birth- L2/L3

Adult- L1/L2 (but grows by about 30cm)

56
Q

How do nerves and sensory nerve endings differ in neonates and adults?

A

Neonates have unmyelinated neurones (sensory is myelinated before motor) and closely packed nerve endings that space out as the body grows

57
Q

How does the lens differ from the rest of the eye?

A

Eye grows in accordance with the neural pattern

Lens continues to grow throughout life

58
Q

Describe neonatal kidneys

A

Not fully functional, renal corpuscles enlarge after birth

Kidneys appear lobulated as cortex is thinner

59
Q

What shape is the urinary bladder at birth?

A

Cigar shaped due to small size of pelvis

60
Q

Where is red marrow found in the adult?

A

Centrally

Vertebral bodies, sternum, ribs, pelvis and scapulae

61
Q

What is prominent in the ileum of a child and reduced in size in an adult?

A

Peyer’s patches

62
Q

What is prominent in the ileum of a child and reduced in size in an adult?

A

Peyer’s patches

63
Q

What is allometric growth?

A

Change in shape during growth

Opposite of isometric growth

64
Q

In what weeks do the uterus form/testes start descending?

A

Weeks 17-20

65
Q

What isa neonate?

A

First 28days after birth

66
Q

When can infants babble?

A

By 8 months of age

67
Q

What are the changes in spine curvature? Name them

A 
C shaped  primary curvature (total kyphosis)
Cervical lordosis (3-4months)
Thoracic kyphosis (8-9 months)
Lumbar lordosis (1 yr, starts walking)
68
Q

Describe some of the pathology of aging

A 
Atherosclerosis
Hair loss, bone loss
Weaker muscles
Joint wear and tear
Immune system declines

ELC Anatomy (12 decks)

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