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Anatomy Exam 4 > Pelvis 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Pelvis 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bony pelvis made up of (3)?

A

1) hip bones (os coxa)
2) sacrum
3) coccyx

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2
Q

What are the three hip bones?

A

1) ilium
2) ishium
3) pubis

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3
Q

Which of the three hip bones is the biggest?

A

ilium

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4
Q

Which of the three hip bones is posterior?

A

ischium

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5
Q

Which of the three hip bones is anterior?

A

pubis

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6
Q

What do all three hip bones converge to?

A

acetabulum

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7
Q

The arcuate line of ilium is continuous with ____ ____ in pubis

A

pectineal line

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8
Q

What makes the pelvic brim?

A

1) pectineal line of pubis
2) arcuate line of ilium
3) sacral promontory

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9
Q

What is the significance of pelvic brim?

A

boundary that separates greater and lesser pelvis

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10
Q

lower part of abdominal cavity; superior to pelvic inlet

A

greater pelvis

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11
Q

actual pelvis; inferior to pelvic inlet and superior to pelvic outlet

A

lesser pelvis

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12
Q

This is a synovial joint that joins the sacrum to ilium and it helps transfer weight to the lower extermety

A

sacroiliac joint

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13
Q

This is a secondary cartilaginous (fbrocartilaginous) joint with intervertebral (IV) disc and it joins the lumbar and sacral

A

lumbosacral joint

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14
Q

This is a secondary cartilaginous joint with IV disc and it joins sacral and coccyx

A

sacrococcygeal joint - small

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15
Q

This is a secondary cartilaginous joint that joins two pubis together

A

pubis symphysis

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16
Q

What is the name of the ligament that runs longitudinally over the anterior part of IV discs?

A

anterior longitudinal ligaments

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17
Q

This ligament attaches sacrum to ischial spine

A

sacrospinous ligament

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18
Q

This ligament attaches sacrum to ischial tuberosity

A

sacrotuberous ligament

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19
Q

What is the function of sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments?

A

help prevent anterioinferior displacement of superior sacrum

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20
Q

Which ligament converts greater sciatic notch to greater sciatic foramen?

A

sacrospinous ligament

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21
Q

Which ligament converts lesser sciatic notch to lesser sciatic foramen?

A

sacrotuberous ligament

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22
Q

What is the shape of a female pelvic inlet?

A

rounded/oval

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23
Q

What is the shape of a male pelvic inlet?

A

heart-shaped

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24
Q

How does the pelvic canal differ between male and female?

A

male –> long and funnel-shaped

female –> short with parallel walls

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25
Q

How do ischial tuberosities and spines differ between male and female?

A

female –> everted

male –> not everted

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26
Q

How do greater sciatic notches differ between male and female?

A

female –> broader

male –> narrower

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27
Q

This pubic arch and subpubic angle is broad and has a greater than 90 degree angle, which sex might this be?

A

female

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28
Q

This pubic arch and subpubic angle is narrow and has a lesser than 70 degree angle, which sex might this be?

A

male

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29
Q

This pelvic muscle is located lateral and it arises within lesser pelvis, passes through lesser sciatic foramen and attaches to femur’s greater trochanter

A

obturator internus

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30
Q

What does the obturator membrane form medially?

A

tendinous arch

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31
Q

This pelvic muscle is located posterior and it attaches to sacrum within lesser pelvis, passes through greater sciatic foramen and attaches to femur’s greater trochanter

A

piriformis

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32
Q

What muscle creates a “bed” for sacral nerve plexus?

A

piriformis

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33
Q

What muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm (pelvic floor)?

A

levator ani and coccygeus

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34
Q

What makes up the levator ani muscles?

A

1) puborectalis
2) pubococcygeus
3) iliococcygeus

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35
Q

What is the function of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

1) support viscera (especially during increased intraabdominal pressure)
2) aids voluntary control of urination and fecal continence

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36
Q

This is a muscular sling arising from pubis; maintains fecal continence (sometimes treated as part of puboccygeus)

A

puborectalis

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37
Q

This muscle arises from pubis and tendinous arch and attaches to coccyx

A

pubococcygeus

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38
Q

This muscle arises from tendinous arch and ischial spine and blends with pubococcygeus

A

iliococcygeus

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39
Q

Which of the three levator ani muscles is the most medial?

A

puborectalis

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40
Q

Which of the three levator ani muscles is the most lateral?

A

iliococcygeus

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41
Q

This muscle is attached from ischial spine to coccygeus/sacrum

A

coccygeus (ishiococcygeus)

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42
Q

What is in the pelvic viscera?

A

1) urinary bladder
2) parts of ureters
3) parts of reproductive sys
4) rectum

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43
Q

Kidneys are considered abdominal organs, although embryogically ____

A

pelvic

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44
Q

These are retroperitoneal muscular tubes transporting urine from kidneys to posterosuperior bladder

A

ureters

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45
Q

Ureters enter bladder obliquely, forming flap valves so muscular contractions of bladder act as sphincters, what does this prevent?

A

urinary reflux into ureters

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46
Q

In females, ureters pass ____ to uterine arteries’ origins

A

medial

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47
Q

In males, _____ rest between ureters and peritoneum

A

vas deferens (it cris-cross with ureters)

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48
Q

What arteries supply ureters in the pelvic region?

A

females –> uterine

males –> inferior vesicular

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49
Q

What innervates ureters?

A

nearby autonomic plexuses (T11 - L2):

1) renal
2) aortic
3) superior hypogastric
4) inferior hypogastric

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50
Q

What functions as temporary reservoir for urine?

A

bladder

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51
Q

What are the 5 parts to bladder?

A

1) apex
2) fundus
3) body
4) neck
5) trigone

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52
Q

What part of the bladder is anterosuperior aspect?

A

apex

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53
Q

What part of the bladder is posterior wall?

A

fundus

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54
Q

What part of the bladder is between apex and fundus?

A

body

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55
Q

What part of the bladder constricts?

A

neck

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56
Q

What part of the bladder forms a triangle between ureteric and urethral openings?

A

trigone

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57
Q

What is projection of trigone called, usually seen in older men?

A

uvula

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58
Q

What muscle is in the bladder walls?

A

detrusor muscle

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59
Q

In females, muscle of bladder’s neck is continuous with what?

A

urethra’s muscle

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60
Q

In males, muscle of bladder’s neck is continuous with what?

A

prostate’s fibromuscular tissue

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61
Q

The prostate’s fibromuscular fibers form an involuntary internal urethral sphincter, what is its significance?

A

prevents semen from entering bladder

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62
Q

This is a muscular tube that transports urine from bladder to the outside world

A

urethra

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63
Q

In females, urethra descends ____ to vagina

A

anterior

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64
Q

In females, urine exits via…

A

external urethral orifice

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65
Q

How many urethral curves are present in flaccid penis?

A

two

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66
Q

How many urethral curves are present in erect penis?

A

just one

67
Q

What are the four parts to the male urethra?

A

1) preprostatic
2) prostatic
3) intermediate/membranous
4) spongy

68
Q

What part of the male’s urethra goes from neck of bladder to prostate?

A

preprostatic

69
Q

What part of the male’s urethra is actually within prostate?

A

prostatic

70
Q

What part of the male’s urethra is short, narrow, and least distensible, also passes through external urethral sphincter

A

intermediate/membranous

71
Q

What part of the male’s urethra is the longest, ending at external urethral orifice of glans penis?

A

spongy

72
Q

Which parts of the male’s urethra is not located in the pelvis region, but perineum?

A

intermediate/membranous and spongy parts

73
Q

What is the median ridge within the prostatic urethra called?

A

urethral crest

74
Q

What is rounded eminence of the prostatic urethra called?

A

seminal colliculus

75
Q

This is part of the prostatic urethra that is a cul-de-sac remnant of uterovaginal canal in seminal colliculus

A

prostatic utricle

76
Q

Where are openings of ejaculatory ducts located?

A

within the prostatic urethra - seminal colliculus (inferior to prostatic utricle)

77
Q

Where are openings of prostatic ducts?

A

within the prostatic urethra - lateral to seminal colliculus

78
Q

What are the four parts to uterine tubes?

A

1) infundibulum
2) ampulla
3) isthmus
4) uterine part

79
Q

Which part of the uterine tubes is funnel-shaped with fimbrae?

A

infundibulum

80
Q

Which part of the uterine tubes is the widest and longest?

A

ampulla

81
Q

Which part of the uterine tubes enters uterine horns?

A

isthmus

82
Q

Which part of the uterine tubes is a short segment in uterine wall?

A

uterine part of uterine tubes

83
Q

What are the two parts to uterus?

A

body and cervix

84
Q

Which part of the uterus makes up the upper 2/3rd?

A

body

85
Q

What does the body of the uterus consist of?

A

1) fundus
2) uterine horns
3) isthmus

86
Q

Which part of the uterus is superior to uterine tubes?

A

fundus

87
Q

Which part of the uterus is the entrance of uterine tubes?

A

uterine horns

88
Q

Which part of the uterus is constricted region superior to cervix?

A

isthmus

89
Q

Which part of the cervix (of uterus) is the opening to uterus?

A

internal os

90
Q

Which part of the cervix (of uterus) is the opening to vagina?

A

external os

91
Q

What ligament connects ovary to uterus?

A

ovarian ligament

92
Q

What ligament connects uterus to labia majora?

A

round ligament (ligamentum teres)

93
Q

Which ligament is mesentery of uterus and has several subdivisions?

A

broad ligament

94
Q

What are the subdivisions of broad ligament?

A

1) suspensory ligament
2) mesovarium
3) mesosalpinx
4) mesometrium

95
Q

Which of the subdivision of broad ligament conveys ovarian vessels, lymphatics and nerves?

A

suspensory ligament

96
Q

Which of the subdivision of broad ligament suspends ovary?

A

mesovarium

97
Q

Which of the subdivision of broad ligament suspends uterine tube?

A

mesosalpinx

98
Q

Which of the subdivision of broad ligament suspends most of uterus?

A

mesometrium

99
Q

Which ligament is posteroinferior to uterotubal junction?

A

ovarian ligament

100
Q

Which ligament is anteroinferior to uterotubal junction?

A

round ligament

101
Q

What position is the uterus in?

A

typically anteverted and anteflexed

102
Q

This is amusculomembranous tube that runs from cervix to vestibule

A

vagina

103
Q

Vagina is located _____ to urethra and bladder, and _____ to rectum

A

posterior; anterior

104
Q

What are the three positions of fornices located in the superiormost vagina that surrounds cervix?

A

1) anterior
2) posterior
3) lateral

105
Q

What kind of innervation does the lower 1/4 of vagina have?

A

somatic

106
Q

What kind of innervation does the upper 3/4 of vagina have?

A

autonomic

107
Q

What structure is the continuation of duct of epididymis?

A

ductus defentes

108
Q

What is the expansion of ductus deferens called?

A

ampulla

109
Q

Ductus deferentes joins ducts of ____ _____ to form ejaculatory duct

A

seminal vesicle

110
Q

Paired glands secreting thick fluid into ejaculatory ducts

A

seminal vesicles

111
Q

What do ejaculatory ducts descend through?

A

posterior prostate

112
Q

What are the different lobes the prostate is divided into?

A

1) anterior
2) posterior
3) middle
4) lateral

113
Q

Where do the prostatic ducts empty into?

A

prostatic sinuses on either side of seminal colliculus

114
Q

What small glands secret during sexual arousal?

A

bulbourethral glands

115
Q

What are all the organs that contribute in producing semen?

A

1) testes
2) seminal vesicles
3) prostate
4) bulbourethral glands

116
Q

Bulbourethral glands are ____ to intermediate/membranous urethra

A

posterolateral

117
Q

Where do ducts of bulbourethral glands open into?

A

spongy urethra in bulb of penis

118
Q

What symptom can benign prostatic hyperplasia have?

A

urgency to urinate

119
Q

What are some potential problems to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)?

A

possible alteration of external and internal urethral sphincters –> cause reflux of sperm into bladder or incontinence as well

120
Q

The pelvic fascia is a continuation of which fascia?

A

endoabdominal

121
Q

What are the two layers of pelvic fascia?

A

1) parietal –> lines walls and floor

2) visceral –> lines pelvic surfaces

122
Q

What does extraperitoneal or subperitoneal mean?

A

outside or below the peritoneal cavity (includes most pelvic viscera)

123
Q

What structures of the pelvic region are primarily retroperitoneal?

A

1) kidneys
2) ureters
3) rectum
4) anal canal
In addition in males: prostate, seminal vesicles and vas deferens

124
Q

What structures of the pelvic region are intraperitoneal?

A

1) uterus
2) ovaries
3) uterine tubes

125
Q

What is the space behind pubis that accommodates bladder distension?

A

retropubic space (space of Retzius)

126
Q

What space is behind rectum and accomodates rectal expansion?

A

retrorectal space

127
Q

What space is located in males, between bladder/prostate and rectum?

A

rectovesical pouch

128
Q

What space is located in females, between bladder and uterus?

A

vesicouterine pouch

129
Q

What space is between uterus and rectum?

A

rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)

130
Q

What two spaces does the uterus separate?

A

1) vesicouterine pouch

2) rectouterine pouch

131
Q

Which of the spaces can accumulate fluids or potential pathogens?

A

1) rectovesical pouch (males)
2) vesicouterine pouch (females)
3) rectouterine pouch (females)

132
Q

Which space may be easily accessed via posterior fornix?

A

rectouterine pouch

133
Q

What does the common iliac artery bifurcate into?

A

internal iliac a

external iliac a

134
Q

What does the internal iliac a bifurcate into?

A

posterior div

anterior div

135
Q

Which regional lymph nodes receive lymph from lower limbs and lowest body wall (excluding external genitalia)?

A

inguinal nodes

136
Q

Which regional lymph nodes receive lymph from pelvis and inguinal nodes?

A

external and internal iliac nodes

137
Q

Which regional lymph nodes receive lymph from external and internal iliac nodes?

A

common iliac nodes

138
Q

Which regional lymph nodes receive lymph from common iliac nodes?

A

lumbar nodes

139
Q

Which spinal levels makes up lumbosacral trunk?

A

L4-L5

140
Q

Which spinal levels is obturator nerve?

A

L2-L4

141
Q

Which spinal levels is accessory obturator nerve?

A

L3-L4 (if present)

142
Q

What are the four parts to sacral plexus?

A

1) sciatic
2) pudendal
3) superior gluteal
4) inferior gluteal

143
Q

Which spinal levels is sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

144
Q

Which spinal levels is pudendal nerve?

A

S2-S4

145
Q

Which spinal levels is superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4-S1

146
Q

Which spinal levels is inferior gluteal nerve?

A

L5-S2

147
Q

Which nerve of sacral plexus supplies lower limb?

A

sciatic

148
Q

Which nerve of sacral plexus supplies skin and muscles of perineum?

A

pudendal

149
Q

Which nerve of sacral plexus is the main sensory nerve for external genitalia?

A

pudendal

150
Q

Which nerve of sacral plexus supplies gluteus medius, minimus, and tensor fascia latae?

A

superior gluteal

151
Q

Which nerve of sacral plexus supplies gluteus maximus?

A

inferior gluteal

152
Q

Where does the sacral plexus exit from the pelvis?

A

greater sciatic foramen

153
Q

Where does pudendal n enter perineum?

A

lesser sciatic foramen

154
Q

Coccygeal plexus is made up of ventral rami of which spinal nerves?

A

S4-S5 and coccygeal nerves

155
Q

What marks the end of sympathetic trunk?

A

ganglion impar

156
Q

How many ganglia are located bilaterally on anterior sacrum?

A

usually 4

157
Q

What spinal segments do the sympathetics arise from?

A

T11-L2

158
Q

Sympathetics travel through the nearby sympathetic chain to which nerves?

A

lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves

159
Q

Which ganglion do sympathetics synapse at?

A

inferior mesenteric ganglion

160
Q

The postsynpatics travel through which plexuses?

A

1) superior hypogastric plexus
2) R/L hypogastric nerves
3) inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus

161
Q

After the plexuses, sympathetic postsynaptic fibers follow what to target organs?

A

pelvic arteries

162
Q

Which spinal segments do parasympathetics arise from?

A

S2-S4 (pelvic splanchnics)

163
Q

The parasympathetics travels through which plexuses?

A

ascend mainly through inferior and superior hypogastric plexuses

164
Q

Where do parasympathetics synapse?

A

organ/gut plexuses

Anatomy Exam 4 (9 decks)

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