Ab 4 Flashcards
What germ layer are kidneys derived from?
mesoderm
At what spinal levels are the kidneys located?
T12 - L3
True or False. The kidneys help with production of RBCs
True
What’s blood supply and drainage to the kidneys?
renal a –> segmental a –> interlobar a –> arcuate a –> renal v
What is pararenal fat and perirenal fat?
pararenal - fat that is in its own compartment, before kindeys
perirenal - fat that surrounds the kidneys and fills the hilum as well
What is the sympathetic innervation to the kidneys?
T10 - L1
What is the parasympathetic innervation to the kidneys?
Vagus and S2 - S4
What’s the function of the cortex of suprarenal glands?
produce corticosteroids and androgens
What’s the function of medulla of suprarenal glands?
produce norepinephrine and epinephrine (fight or flight)
What is the blood supply to suprarenal glands?
1) superior suprarenal a (from inferior phrenic a)
2) middle suprarenal a (from aorta)
3) inferior suprarenal a (from renal a)
Presynaptic sympathetics penetrate directly to medulla of suprarenal glands and synapse on _____
chromaffin cells (homologous to sympathetic ganglion cells)
What type of nerve fibers are associated with blood cells that control vasodilation and vasoconstriction in suprarenal glands?
cortex
What is the major muscle used in inspiration?
diaphragm
What are the three hiatus of diaphragm?
1) caval hiatus
2) esophageal hiatus
3) aortic hiatus
What comes out of the caval hiatus?
IVC
What comes out of the esophageal hiatus?
esophagus and Vagus
What comes out of the aortic hiatus?
aorta and thoracic duct
What innervates diaphragm (motor and sensory)?
C3, 4, 5 = phrenic n
What innervates the periphery of diaphragm?
intercostal nerves (sensory)
What is the blood supply to superior surface of diaphragm?
superior phrenic a from thoracic aorta
What is the blood supply to inferior surface of diaphragm?
inferior phrenic a from abdominal aorta
What ligament separates the diaphragm from quadratus lumborum?
lateral arcuate ligaments (2)
What ligament separates the diaphragm from psoas major?
medial arcuate ligaments (2)
What ligament is located underneath the diaphragm and connects left and right crus?
median arcuate ligament
What are the four muscles of posterior abdominal wall?
1) psoas major
2) psoas minor
3) iliacus
4) quadratus lumborum
Name this muscle:
Origin: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae; sides of vertebral bodies of T12 - S1
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur
psoas major
What innervates psoas major?
lumbar plexus via anterior branches of nerves L2 - L4
Name this muscle:
Origin: superior two-thirds of iliac fossa, ala of sacrum and anterior sacro-iliac ligaments
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femus and shaft inferior to it
Iliacus
What innervates iliacus?
femoral n (L2 - L4)
Name this muscle:
Origin: medial half of inferior border of 12th rib and tips of lumbar transverse processes
Insertion: iliolumbar ligament and internal lip of iliac crest
quadratus lumborum
What innervates quadratus lumborum?
anterior branches of T12 and L1 - L4 nerves
What muscle act inferiorly to flex thigh and superiorly to flex vertebral column laterally to balance trunk and when seated act inferiorly to flex trunk?
psoas major
What muscle act to flex thigh and stabilize hip joint (along with psoas major)?
iliacus
What muscle act to extend and laterally flex vertebral column and fix 12th rib during inspiration?
quadratus lumborum
Where do subcostal nerves arise from?
ventral rami of T12
What do subcostal nerves innervate?
external oblique m and skin of anterolateral abdominal wall
Where do lumbar spinal nerves arise from?
L1 - L5
What do the posterior rami of lumbar spinal nerves innervate?
deep back muscles and skin of back
What do the anterior rami of lumbar spinal nerves innervate?
skin and muscles of the most inferior trunk and lower limb
What gives rise to the lumbar plexus?
L1 - L4
What arise from L1 and innervates abdominal muscles and skin of inguinal and pubic regions?
ilioinguinal and ilihypogastric nerves
Which nerve always come out on top of psoas muscle?
genitofemoral n
Where do genitogemoral n arise from?
L1 - L2
What innervates skin below the inguinal ligament?
genitofemoral n
What does genitofemoral n divide into?
1) genital –> scrotum and labia
2) femoral
What arise from L2 - L3 and innervates anterolateral skin of thigh?
lateral femoral cutaneous n
What is the big nerve that arise from L2 - L4 and innervates ilacus, hip flexors and knee extensors?
femoral n
What nerves arise from L2 - L4 and innverates medial thigh and adductors?
obturator n
What arise from L3 - L4 and innervates pectineus and hip joint, but sometimes not present?
accessory obturator n
What arise from L4 -L5, run parallel to obturator n, is the most medial, and does not innervate anything but joins sacral plexus?
lumbosacral trunk
What do subcostal arteries supply?
posterior body wall inferior to 12th rib
Where do subcostal arteries come from?
thoracic aorta (inferior to 12th rib)
Where do inferior phrenic arteries come from?
abdominal aorta
What do inferior phrenic arteries supply?
suprarenal glands and inferior surface of diaphragm
Where do suprarenal a come from?
abdominal aorta
What do suprarenal a supply?
suprarenal glands
Where do renal a come from?
abdominal aorta
What do renal a supply?
kidneys
Where do gonadal a come from?
abdominal aorta
What do gonadal a supply?
testicular –> testes
ovarian –> ovaries
Where do lumbar arteries come from?
abdominal aorta
What do lumbar arteries supply?
posterior abdominal wall
Where do median sacral come from?
abdominal aorta
What does median sacral supply?
it’s unpaired and goes to sacrum and coccyx (right down the middle)
At what level does abdominal aorta split into R and L common iliac a?
L4
The R and L common iliac a further divides into what?
internal and external iliac arteries
Where is aortic aneurysm commonly found?
abdomen, right before it bifurcates
What is the usual cause of aortic aneurysm?
atherosclerosis
Majority of veins follow the same patterns as arteries, however the gonadal veins are different, how so?
L gonadal vein goes through L. renal v while the R gonadal vein goes straight to IVC
The main lymphatic ducts of abdomen convert to what?
thoracic duct
