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Practical 3 Form and Function > Pelvic Limb VII > Flashcards

Pelvic Limb VII Flashcards

1
Q

The equine foot includes?

A

epidermal hoof and all structures contained within.

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2
Q

Where do horses bear all of their weight?

A

hoof walls

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3
Q

Other ungulates (besides horse) bear weight on…

A

hoof walls and tissues of sole of foot

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4
Q

Components of epidermis of foot?

A

wall, sole and frog.

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5
Q

Epidermis of foot equals?

A

hoof

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6
Q

Epidermis sensitive or insensitive? Produced by?

A

insensitive; Germinal epithelium

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7
Q

Dermis is also called? Sensitive or insensitive? Function? What does it not do?

A

Corium

Sensitive

Provide nutrition to epidermis

Does not produce the epidermis

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8
Q

Is the dermis of the foot also continuous with the skin of the limb?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Perioplic corium fits into the ________ groove.

A

perioplic

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10
Q

Coronary corium fits into the ________ groove.

A

coronary

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11
Q

Hoof wall divided into?

A

toe, quarter, heel

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12
Q

Bars of hoof wall lie adjacent to the …

A

collateral grooves of the frog

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13
Q

Where does heel turn to become bars?

A

angle of the wall/sole

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14
Q

Components of the frog?

A

apex, two crura, a central groove, deep collateral groove

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15
Q

On the inner surface of the hoof the central groove is mirrored as the __________.

A

spine of the frog

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16
Q

Three major layers of the hoof wall?

A

Stratum externum, medium, internum

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17
Q

Stratum externum also called?

A

periople

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18
Q

Stratum externum produced by the

A

perioplic GE covering the perioplic corium

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19
Q

What is the coronet?

A

junction of haired skin and hoof wall.

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20
Q

What makes up the bulk of the hoof wall?

A

stratum medium

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21
Q

Stratum medium produced by?

A

GE of epidermis at the coronary corium location

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22
Q

Inner part of stratum medium is

A

non-pigmented

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23
Q

coronary corium papillae project into holes in the ___________ of the hoof wall and nourish the GE that produces __________; intertubular horn fills in between tubules.

A

coronary groove
tubular horn

24
Q

Stratum internum comprised of?

A

deepest layer; rows of parallel, vertically oriented, non-pigmented epidermal lamina

25
Q

Stratum internum produced by?

A

produced by GE of epidermis at coronary corium location, NOT by the GE of epidermis covering the laminar corium.

26
Q

Stratum internum interdigitate with the

A

sensitive dermal laminae (laminar corium)

27
Q

What is fused to the surface of Pd?

A

laminar corium

28
Q

What is the critical structure linking epidermis to dermis?

A

basement membrane

29
Q

The horse is suspended in its hoof by?

A

basement membrane

30
Q

Growth of hoof wall direction?

A

towards the ground

31
Q

How does the epidermis moves past the dermis as the hoof grows?

A

constant remodeling at the junction

32
Q

How are gaps (once occupied by dermal laminae) filled in between the continuing epidermal laminae?

A

GE covering terminal papillae at the distal end of the dermal laminae produce horn to fill the gaps between the epidermal laminae.

33
Q

What is the white zone?

A

non-pigmented inner stratum medium + non-pigmented stratum internum (epidermal laminae) + pigmented horn produced by terminal papillae.

34
Q

What is the White line? Clinical relevance?

A

non-pigmented inner stratum medium

clinically relevant landmark on ground surface of hoof wall, used by farriers to set hoof nail position so as to avoid nail penetration of sensitive dermal tissues.

35
Q

Sole is softer epidermis than?

A

Wall

36
Q

Sole produced by?

A

Produced by the GE covering the sole corium.

37
Q

Softest epidermis?

A

frog

38
Q

Frog produced by?

A

GE covering the frog corium

39
Q

Frog function?

A

weight bearing function – shock absorption and foot pump.

40
Q

Medial and lateral collateral cartilages of the foot extend from the

A

palmar processes of Pd

41
Q

What is sidebone?

A

ossification of the cartilages; age-related change or related to foot imbalance.

42
Q

How much does the hoof wall grow per month?

A

8 mm

43
Q

How long does it take for the hoof wall to grow out?

A

9-12 months

44
Q

Growth of hoof wall affected by?

A

genetics, environment, and nutrition

45
Q

What do growth rings reflect?

A

stressors on normal foot physiology

46
Q

Average timeline of hoof trimming?

A

4-8 weeks

47
Q

What is laminitis? Structural failure of the _________________ bond occurs.

A

inflammation of the sensitive laminae (laminar corium) of the foot.

hoof wall–laminar corium bond

48
Q

As disease progresses, Pd separates from hoof wall and _______ palmarly due to pull of DDFT.

A

rotates

49
Q

Clinical signs of laminitis?

A

reluctance to walk; elevated HR, RR; characteristic stance; throbbing digital pulses.

50
Q

If severe failure of bond, entire bony column of limb will ____ directly towards the ground.

A

sink

51
Q

Heel blub and digital cushion of artidactyl hooves form? Function?

A

digital pad
provides weight bearing support

52
Q

For cattle the which PL claw bears the most weight? TL?

A

Outer and inner

53
Q

What do you have to cut through to perform a digit amputation?

A

distal interdigital ligament

54
Q

Importance of the equine foot pump?

A

At stride impact, the structures listed above change shape (expand or compress) and compress on the venous plexuses, forcing blood out of the foot proximally into digital vv.

This expansion and compression absorbs shock and pumps venous blood back out of the foot.

55
Q

Where do farriers not place nails and why?

A

Because heels naturally expand (spread out) on foot fall, shoe nails are not placed in the heel region of the foot.

Practical 3 Form and Function (10 decks)

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