Pelvic Limb IV - Ungulate

Question 1

What species refers to the rump? Croup?

Answer 1

Artiodactyls; horse

Question 2

What is the highest point of the rump/croup formed by?

Answer 2

Tubera sacrale of ilia

Question 3

Prominent tubera coxae of ilial wings referred to as?

Answer 3

hook bones

Question 4

Ischiatic tuberosities referred to?

Answer 4

pin bones

Question 5

Region between the coxofemoral and stifle joints.

Answer 5

Thigh

Question 6

Region between stifle and tarsus

Answer 6

Crus

Question 7

Region between the tarsus and metatarsophalangeal joint

Answer 7

Metatarsus

Question 8

Region between the metatarsophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints

Answer 8

Pastern

Question 9

Region enclosed by hoof capsule.

Answer 9

Foot or hoof

Question 10

What structures form the pes? What forms the digit?

Answer 10

Tarsus, metatarsus, pastern, and foot
Pastern and foot

Question 11

Tarsus also known as?

Answer 11

hock

Question 12

3rd metatarsal bone also known as? 2nd and 4th?

Answer 12

Cannon bone
Splint bones

Question 13

Metatarsophalangeal joint also known as?

Answer 13

fetlock joint

Question 14

Proximal interphalangeal joint also known as?

Answer 14

Pastern joint

Question 15

Distal interphalangeal joint also known as?

Answer 15

Coffin joint

Question 16

Proximal phalanx also known as? Middle? Distal?

Answer 16

Long pastern bone
Short pastern
coffin

Question 17

What are chestnuts?

Answer 17

thickened cornified epidermis
remnants of tarsal pads in horse

Question 18

What are ergots?

Answer 18

remnant of metatarsal pads

Question 19

Ruminants have vestigial digits called? Weight bearing?

Answer 19

Dewclaws
NO

Question 20

Pig II and IV digits are called? Weightbearing?

Answer 20

paradigits
NO

Question 21

Sheep have scent marking, sebaceous apocrine glands on all four feet called?

Answer 21

Interdigital sinus

Question 22

Describe the greater trochanter in a horse.

Answer 22

Cranial/caudal parts, very large prominence

Question 23

What attaches to the greater trochanter? Function of m.?

Answer 23

Middle gluteal m.
Powerful extensor of hip

Question 24

Third trochanter attachment for what muscle in horse?

Answer 24

Superficial gluteal m.

Question 25

What species do not have a third trochanter? Why?

Answer 25

Ruminants, pigs Superficial gluteal m. attached into biceps femoris to form gluteobiceps m.

Question 26

Describe location of accessory gluteal and what species have it?

Answer 26

Deeper part of middle gluteal ungulates

Question 27

Where is the trochanteric bursa found?

Answer 27

Deep to attachment of accessory gluteal on greater trochanter

Question 28

Inflammation of trochanteric bursa is called?

Answer 28

Whorlbone lameness

Question 29

Gluteal muscles are a site of? Advantages?

Answer 29

IM injections very large muscle mass that can cope with large amounts of medication

Question 30

What are the two hamstring muscles?

Answer 30

Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus

Question 31

Hamstring muscles site of? Advantages/disadvantages?

Answer 31

IM injections large mass, easy to drain potential injury development of fibrotic myopathy, best for smaller volumes

Question 32

Attachments of semitendinosus m.?

Answer 32

proximally to sacral and caudal vertebrae, sacrosciatic ligament and ischiatic tuberosity Distally to cranial tibia, crural fascia, tendinous slip to calcaneal tendon

Question 33

What is the gait like in fibrotic myopathy?

Answer 33

Mechanical hindlimb lameness characterized by foot abruptly slapping the ground at the end of the cranial swing phase of the stride (most obvious at walk)

Question 34

Consequence of scarring to hamstrings?

Answer 34

Leg cannot fully extend out at end of swing phase

Question 35

How many patellar ligaments do the horse and ox have? Small ruminants and pig

Answer 35

Three One

Question 36

What are the patellar ligaments a continuation of?

Answer 36

Quadriceps femoris

Question 37

Functions of patella?

Answer 37

Changes the direction of the pull, absorbs pressure and transmits traction to the quadriceps to the tibial tuberosity through the patellar ligaments

Question 38

Function of the meniscofemoral ligament?

Answer 38

binds to caudal aspect of the lateral meniscus to the caudal femur Increasing stabilization of this portion of the meniscus

Question 39

Describe the patella locking mechanism.

Answer 39

assists the horse in parking its pelvic limb in a weight bearing position with minimal energy while resting other PL

Question 40

Four structures associated with PLM?

Answer 40

1. Intermediate patellar ligament 2. Patella 3. Parapatellar fibrocartilage 4. Medial patellar ligament

Question 41

Predispositions of upward fixation of the patella?

Answer 41

straight hindlimb conformation, poor quad tone, young maturing horses

Question 42

Describe UFP.

Answer 42

patella catches or remains stuck in locked position because of reciprocal apparatus (when stifle is locked, so is tarsus)

Question 43

Three synovial sacs in the stifle?

Answer 43

Femoropatellar Medial femorotibial Lateral femorotibial

Question 44

Cat dog synovial sac communication? Ruminants and pigs? Horses?

Answer 44

all communicate freely Typically communicate Variable (MFT and FP communicate the most)

Question 45

Best to consider horse synovial sacs as?

Answer 45

Separate

Question 46

Location of femoropatellar joint? Lateral femorotibial? Medial femorotibial?

Answer 46

between patellar ligaments Btwn lateral patellar and lateral collateral lig. Btwn medial patellar and medial collateral lig.