Pelvic Limb V

Question 1

Morphology of pig and carnivore fibula?

Answer 1

Completely separate
Articulates with tibia proximally and distally

Question 2

Morphology of horse fibula?

Answer 2

Varies greatly
Head of fibula articulates with tibia and distal is fused to tibia

Question 3

Morphology of ruminant fibula?

Answer 3

Ruminant fibula fused with fibula proximally
Distally separate fibula/lateral malleolus

Question 4

Craniolateral mm. action? Innervation?

Answer 4

Flex tarsus and extend digits
Common fibular n.

Question 5

What species does not have a fibularis longus?

Answer 5

Horses

Question 6

Consistency of fibularis tertius in artiodactyls and horses?

Answer 6

Fleshly
Strong cord

Question 7

Long digital extensor m. arises from and inserts? Functions? Enveloped by and bound down by?

Answer 7

arises from the extensor fossa of femur and inserts on the extensor process of the distal phalanx

tarsus, and extends digit

over dorsal tarsus it is enveloped by a synovial tendon sheath and is bound down by the extensor retinacula of the tarsus

Question 8

Artiodactyls fibularis tertius and long digital extensor mm. originate as a _________________; the long digital extensor has _____ parts, a medial head that inserts on digit __ in ruminants, and a lateral head that inserts on digits __ and ___. The lateral digital extensor m. inserts on digit __ in ruminants.

Answer 8

common tendon from extensor fossa of femur

two

3

3 and 4

4

Question 9

Horse - Lateral digital extensor m. – arises from _______ and _________, passes over lateral tarsus within a tendon sheath and is bound down by an extensor retinaculum of tarsus; tendon unites with long dig. extensor tendon in proximal metatarsus.

Answer 9

arises from head of fibula and lateral collateral lig. of stifle

Question 10

Soleus m. extensive in what species? Function? Innervation?

Answer 10

Pigs

extends tarsus

tibial n.

Question 11

Fibularis tertius (FT) – fibrous band of tissue forming a ___________ between the extensor fossa of femur and the dorsal metatarsus, has a bifid termination as a dorsal tendon on dorsal proximal MT3 and a lateral tendon on T4; crosses stifle and tarsus and therefore both these joints move in unison

Answer 11

mechanical connector

Question 12

Cranial tibial m. – lies on surface of tibia, deep to FT; arises from proximal tibia, its bifid termination emerges between the tendons of the FT, with a dorsal tendon inserting on proximal MT3 and a medial tendon inserting on the fused T1 and T2 bones (which are wedge-shaped = cuneiform); this medial insertion is referred to as the __________, which overlies a ______________.

Answer 12

cunean tendon
cunean bursa

Question 13

Treatment of osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints

Answer 13

Cunean tenectomy

Question 14

Cunean tendon landmark for?

Answer 14

arthrocentesis of the distal intertarsal joint

Question 15

Causal mm. action and innervation?

Answer 15

these muscles extend the tarsus and flex the digit(s), innervated by the tibial n.

Question 16

Gastrocnemius m. insertion?

Answer 16

Tuber calcanei

Question 17

Superficial digital flexor m. function?

Answer 17

acts as a mechanical connector between the stifle and tarsus

Question 18

Deep digital flexor m. __ heads of origin from proximal tibia, single tendon of insertion on solar surface of distal phalanx.

Answer 18

3

Question 19

Popliteus m. function?

Answer 19

flexor of the stifle joint

Question 20

Describe stringhalt in the horse.

Answer 20

An abnormal gait characterized by quick, spastic flexion of the tarsus.

Question 21

Treatments of stringhalt?

Answer 21

Medical therapy and surgery

Question 22

Reciprocal apparatus of the horse components?

Answer 22

Fibularis tertius and SDF mm.

Question 23

Concept of reciprocal apparatus?

Answer 23

“how goes the stifle, so goes the tarsus of the horse”

Question 24

Function of Fibularis tertius and SDF mm.?

Answer 24

These are fibrous mechanical connectors between the stifle and the tarsus, act in unison

Question 25

Rupture of fibularis tertius equals

Answer 25

broken reciprocal apparatus

Question 26

Traumatic causes of fibularis tertius?

Answer 26

hyperextension of pelvic limb, e.g. jumping over stable door and getting one pelvic limb caught on top; laceration to dorsal tarsus; avulsion injuries at origin of FT in young foals.

Question 27

Pathognomonic clinical signs of reciprocal apparatus?

Answer 27

hock can be extended while stifle is flexed, i.e. broken reciprocal apparatus, and characteristic dimple on caudodistal crus.

Question 28

Identify and name the joints of the tarsus.

Answer 28

1. Tarsocrural
2. Proximal intertarsal
3. Distal intertarsal
4. Tarsometatarsal

Question 29

All flexion and extension of the hock occurs at the ______________. Function of the rest?

Answer 29

tarsocrural joint

remaining three joints move only slightly in response to the compression forces passing through them

Question 30

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) – affects the _________________ and is therefore commonly referred to as a ______________.

Answer 30

distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT)

DIRT lesion

Question 31

Bone spavin – refers to osteoarthritis of the ______________ AND _______________. Collectively called?

Answer 31

distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints.
Distal tarsal joints

Question 32

Tarsocrural and PITJ joint sac communication in ox, pig, and horse?

Answer 32

100% communication in horse and ox
none in pig

Question 33

DITJ and TMTJ joint sac communication?

Answer 33

variable

Question 34

Best to consider DITJ and TMTJ as ____________ – however drugs (e.g. steroid) can diffuse from one joint to the other!

Answer 34

independent

Question 35

Tarsocrural joint is one large joint sac with 4 synovial ‘out-pouchings’
Names?

Answer 35

dorsolateral, dorsomedial, plantarolateral, plantaromedial

Question 36

Clinical relevance of tarsocrural joint?

Answer 36

particularly visible when there is synovial effusion of the joint (may be referred to as “bog spavin”).

Question 37

Describe the intraarticular injection of tarsocrural joint? i.e What pouches? Why?

Answer 37

typically aim for dorsomedial or plantarolateral pouch; these pouches are most obvious when there is joint effusion (fluid swelling of the joint pouch) and relatively accessible.

Question 38

Describe the intraarticular injection of tarsometatarsal joint?

Answer 38

insert needle over head of MT4 (lateral splint bone), slightly downwards direction.