pelvic gastrointestines Flashcards
what is the rectum continuous with superiorly?
the lower sigmoid colon (S3)
what is the rectum continuous with inferiorly?
the anal canal
what does the anteroposterior projection of the rectum follow?
the sacrum
what does the lateral projection of the rectum look like?
right for superior and inferior
left for middle
what are the T stages of rectal cancer?
T1: mucosal and submucosal
T2: lamina propria
T3: perirectal fat
T4a: peritoneum/peritoneal reflections
T4b: structures outside the mesorectum
what does the rectum expand to in the inferior part?
the rectal ampulla
what lines the superior part of the anus?
simple columnar epithelium cells, tissue similar to rectal tissue
what makes the superior anal canal distinct?
anal columns connected by anal valves and separated by anal sinuses
what do anal valves become?
the anal valves fuse to become the pectinate line
what is so distinct about the inferior of the anal canal?
it is marked by the anal pecten, the tissue has become that of the human skin (stratified cuboidal epithelium) and ends at the anocutaneous line
what is located on the anterior of the ureter (females)
the ovarian artery, the fallopian tube, and the ovaries
what is located on the anterior of the uterus (males)
vas deferens
what is located on the posterior of the ureter (females)
infundibulopelvic ligaments
what is located on the posterior of the uterus (males)
seminal vesicles
is it normal for the bladder to expand into the abdominal cavity?
when it is full, yes
what is the projection of the apex of the bladder?
superior to the symphisis pubis
what is contained in the apex of the bladder?
the median umbilical ligament
what is on the base of the bladder?
the ureter
what is the projection of the base of the bladder?
posteroinferiorly
what surrounds the inferolateral surface of the bladder?
the levator ani and the obturator internus
what fixed the neck of the bladder?
the pubovesical or puboprostatic (for male) ligaments
how many (and what) compartments of the urethra exist in males?
4, preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongious
how long is the preprostatic part of the urethra?
1 cm
what muscles are the preprostatic urethra associated with? what is its function?
internal urethral sphincter
how long is the prostatic urehtra?
3-4 cm
what is the lumen of the urethra marked with in the … part? and what is that compartment’s depression named?
prostatic, urethral crest, urethral sinus
what does the urethral crest form (a brand new structure with a shape)?
an enlarged circular elevation named the seminal colliculus
what opens onto the center of the seminal colliculus?
the prostatic utricle
where is the interconnection between the reproductive and urinary system in males? (in terms of urethral portion and the name of the compartment)
the prostatic ureter and the ejaculatory duct opening
what surrounds the membranous part of the ureter?
the external urethral sphincter
what surrounds the spongy urethra?
the erectile tissue (corpus spongiosum)
what is the bulbous aspect of urethra?
its called the navicular fossa
why are females more prone to bladder infections?
because their urethras are shorter
what is the difference between UTI and cystitis?
UTI is an umbrella term referring to infection of the urinary system, including the kidneys, the bladder, the prostate, the ureter, and the urethra
what bacteria most often cause UTIs?
E. coli and Klesbiella
why do doctors perform male urethral catheterization more carefully?
because the lower part of the ureter under the perineal membrane is thin and prone to infections
what are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?
the prostate, a pair of seminal vesicles, and a pair of bulbourethral glands
what fascia separates the rectum from the prostate?
the rectoprostatic fascia
where does the testes drain to lymphatically?
the lateral aortic, lumbar, or preaortic nodes of the abdomen
why are the lymphatics of the testes unique?
because it originates from the abdomen and then descends, that’s why their lymphatics are mostly of abdominal origin
what is the spermatic cord?
the spermatic cord is a tube that is formed by the musculofascial pouch of the testes and makes it continuous with the anterior abdominal wall
what is the thick capsule that surrounds the seminiferous tubules?
tunica albuginea
what is the hierarchy of spermatic production and transfer? (at least in the testes)
seminiferous tubules -> straight tubules -> rete testis inside the mediastinum testis (a wedge of connective tissue) -> efferent ductules
at what month does the testes begin descending through the inguinal canal?
at the 7th month
what is the disorder where one or both of the testes doesn’t descend?
uni/bilateral cryptorchidism
why does one testes usually hang lower?
it attempts to avoid squeezing and eases cooling
what is both ectopic and true cryptorchidism?
ectopic: not at the line of descent anymore
true: still at the line of descent
what would you do in cases of hydrocele?
hydrocelectomy (plication or excision and eversion) and antibiotics like Althrocin in cases of infection-caused hydrocele, or it just goes away
what is the active component of Althrocin?
erythromycin which inhibits translocation
what are the types of true cryptorchidism?
abdominal, inguinal, suprascrotal (AISS)
what are the types of ectopic cryptorchidism?
perirenal, superficial inguinal pouch, femoral, peripenile, contralateral, perineal
what cells are in the epididymis? (function too)
clear cells (clear the proteins), principle cells (production of carnitine, glycerylphosphorylcholine, sialic acid, inositol, and glycoproteins), basal cells (regulate principle cells), narrow cells, apical cells (endositosis), and halo cells (immune cells)
what morphological transformation happens to sperm in the epididymis?
cytoplasmic droplet drops from the head down to the tail’s midpiece, remodelling membran spermatozoa, perubahan ukuran, ketajaman, dan struktur internal akrosom, penunjang fusi sperma-ootid (proksimal), dan penunjang ikatan sperma-ootid (distal)
what does the deferent duct join with?
the seminal vesicle duct
what is formed by the deferens duct when it nears the seminal vesicles?
the ampulla of ductus deferens
what is the course of ductus deferens?
up the spermatic cord, into the anterior abdominal wall, through the deep inguinal ring, crosses medially near the lateral of the inferior epigastric artery, crosses the external iliac artery and vein, descends the pelvic wall, crosses the ureter (posterior to the bladder), continues inferomedially along the base of the bladder
what tissue makes up the ductus deferens?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
what is the embryology for seminal vesicles?
seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory ducts, and the ductus deferens are derived from the mesonephric ducts
what fluids are released by seminal vesicles?
alkaline fluids, fructose, prostaglandin (supressed immune response), clotting afactors
what is the vascularization of the seminal vesicles?
internal pudendal artery, inferior vesicle artery, and the middle rectal artery
what does the pectinate line demarcate?
the fetal anal membrane
What forms the pectinate line?
Anal valves.
