peer influences

Question 1

cliques

Answer 1

small groups share intimacy

Question 2

crowds

Answer 2

large, loosely organized groups

Question 3

co-offending

Answer 3

crime is committed in small groups of 2-4
variations by age, gender, and offense type
strong correlation between self and friend delinquency

Question 4

Mark Warr

Answer 4

on co-offending, found 73% of delinquent offenses happen in a group

Question 5

variations by age and gender boys

Answer 5

boys who mature early are more likely to be influenced by peers and co-offend
early maturing boys are more likely to develop attachments to older, more delinquent friends and be peer pressured

Question 6

variations by age and gender girls

Answer 6

girls who mature early are more likely to be influenced by older males
girls who engage in aggressive behavior early on are more likely to have conflicts with their romantic partners

Question 7

delinquent vs non-delinquent friendship similarities

Answer 7

caring
trusting
intimate

Question 8

delinquent vs non-delinquent friendship differences

Answer 8

more conflict
more jealousy
more loyalty

Question 9

Giordano

Answer 9

delinquent vs non delinquent friendship differences

Question 10

the national gang center’s defining gang factors

Answer 10

3+ members aged 12-24
group name, symbols, and practices
self recognition and recognized by others
some level of permanence/ organization
elevated criminal activity

Question 11

Frederick Thrasher’s study of gangs

Answer 11

gangs are interstitial groups that emerge due to cracks in the normal fabric of society
form due to weakened family controls, poverty, and social disorganization

Question 12

Lewis Yablonsky

Answer 12

gangs as “near-groups” ranging from tight knit organizations to leaderless mobs

Question 13

J. Diego Vigil’s types of gang members

Answer 13

core: small group of members completely devoted to the gang who work to keep it going
affiliated: larger group who only participate in gang activity when the mood suites
peripheral: irregular members on the outskirts of the gang

Question 14

Jeffrey Fagan

Answer 14

types of urban gangs

Question 15

delinquent gang

Answer 15

37%, serious delinquency and low drug use

Question 16

social gang

Answer 16

28%, little delinquency except alcohol and marijuana

Question 17

organized gang

Answer 17

28%, crime, drug use and sale, cohesive and organized

Question 18

party gang

Answer 18

7%, drug use/ sale and vandalism

Question 19

gang age statistics

Answer 19

most members join at 12, the age of members is increasing

Question 20

gang gender statistics

Answer 20

girls are part of male gangs, either auxiliary or co-ed

some independent girl gangs

Question 21

gang race statistics

Answer 21

50% Hispanic, 33% African American, 10% white, 5% Asian, 2% other

Question 22

gang location statistics

Answer 22

55% urban, 25% suburban, 17% small cities, 3% rural

Question 23

Kron and Thornberry selection

Answer 23

youth with criminal history are drawn to groups

Question 24

Kron and Thornberry facilitation

Answer 24

gangs provide opportunities and support for crime

Question 25

Kron and Thornberry enhancement

Answer 25

selection and facilitation working together

Question 26

reasons for gang migration

Answer 26

family reasons, like a job opportunity is the biggest reason. Most gangs are home grown

Question 27

girl gang percentages

Answer 27

.6% of gangs are all girls, 33% (closer to 1/2 now) of gang members are girls

Question 28

social injury view on girl gangs

Answer 28

female members are sexually exploited by the males and sometimes are forced to exploit other females

Question 29

liberation view on girl gangs

Answer 29

girls are provided with a sense of sisterhood, independence and solidarity alongside the chance that they can earn profits through illegal activities

Question 30

Kron and Thronberry’s Rochester Youth Development Study

Answer 30

30% of youth are gang members, yet 65% of delinquent activities are committed by gang members