chapter 12

Question 1

pledge system

Answer 1

neighbors protecting one another
10 tithings supervised by a constable
hundreds of families formed shire

Question 2

watch system

Answer 2

13th century
created to police larger communities
hired watchmen to patrol at night
justice of peace had judicial duties
constables supervised watchmen and assisted justice of peace

Question 3

London organized police in 1829

Answer 3

American colonies followed the British model

Police Departments established in U.S large cities like new york, boston, and Philli (1838-1880)

Question 4

features of organized police

Answer 4

Established rules and procedures
Publicly supported and bureaucratic in form
Full-time police officer, continuous employment
Police accountable to a central governmental authority

Question 5

August Vollmer’s Reforms

Answer 5

Police chief in Berkeley
Instituted reforms like university training, modern management techniques, prevention programs and Juvenile Aid Bureau
Advocated police reform, training, and understanding of causes of delinquency
set up special unit Juvenile Aid Bureau in 1930’s

Question 6

police role conflict

Answer 6

Corruption, Brutality, tension/ conflict with public, Racism, Sexism, Political connections/ influences
Specialized Police Unit (delinquency control squads) established in early 20th century

Question 7

establishment of juvenile court

Answer 7

Emphasis of care and supervision of children

Increased hiring of female officers

Question 8

factors shaping police discretion

Answer 8

Police department policy

Communal norms and alternatives

Question 9

situational factors

Answer 9

Criminal history
Age, sex, race of offender/ victim
Attitudes of offender
Nature of offense
Family situation

Question 10

Most Restrictive to Least Restrictive Options of Handling Juveniles

Answer 10

Juvenile court
Detention
Referral (diversion)
Station House Adjustment
Street Warning

Question 11

probable cause

Answer 11

One of the limits to police power
Defined as falling somewhere between mere suspicion and absolute certainty that an offense took place and that the subject is a guilty party

Question 12

custodial interrogation

Answer 12

Controversial because kids aren’t always educated on the right to remain silent and can be exploited to give up information, so they can waive their right

Question 13

totality of the circumstances

Answer 13

flexible test established by the Supreme Court for identifying whether probable cause exists that permits the judge to determine whether the available evidence is both sufficient and reliable enough to issue a warrant

Question 14

limits to police power (3)

Answer 14

probable cause, custodial interrogation, and totality of the circumstances

Question 15

police discretion

Answer 15

selective enforcement of the law by authorized police agents

Question 16

departmental policy

Answer 16

Discretion being used at the departmental level to pressure juvenile officers to increase, decrease or refrain from making arrests under certain circumstances; being overall alert to certain types of violations

Question 17

environmental considerations

Answer 17

Police officers being influenced by their perception of community alternatives to police intervention

Question 18

situational factors contributing to arrest

Answer 18

race, gender, criminal history, crime nature/ severity, crime setting, family situation, and offender attitude

Question 19

race offender-victim characteristics

Answer 19

Blacks more likely to be pulled over/ stopped by police
Blacks arrested on a rate disproportionately higher to their population
Blacks more likely to be recommended for formal processing, referred to court, adjudicated delinquent, and given harsher dispositions for comparable offenses

Question 20

gender offender-victim characteristics

Answer 20

Females more likely to be arrested for status offenses

Police less likely to process females for delinquent acts, especially girls placed out of home

Question 21

offender’s attitude

Answer 21

doesn’t make as much of a difference in juveniles

Question 22

police biases

Answer 22

Racial disparity most often occurs at arrests but may exist at other points
Police tend to be more lenient to girls for serious offenses
Police are harsher to young girls and girls with minor or status offenses

Question 23

chivalry hypothesis

Answer 23

police are likely to act paternally to young girls and not arrest them

Question 24

community policing model components

Answer 24

shared responsibility

proactive prevention

Question 25

shared responsibility

Answer 25

view residents as partners

Question 26

proactive prevention

Answer 26

increased number of police officers/ presence + increased patrol time/ surveillance of hot spots/ hot times.

Question 27

proactive prevention programs

Answer 27

DARE, GREAT, PAL, STAR

Question 28

increased police visibility

Answer 28

patrol on foot or bikes

Question 29

increased police accountability

Answer 29

transparency

Question 30

problem oriented policing

Answer 30

Law enforcement that focuses on addressing the underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone
Address problems of community disorganization

Question 31

SARA (problem oriented)

Answer 31

scan, analyze, respond, assess