chapter 12 Flashcards
pledge system
neighbors protecting one another
10 tithings supervised by a constable
hundreds of families formed shire
watch system
13th century created to police larger communities hired watchmen to patrol at night justice of peace had judicial duties constables supervised watchmen and assisted justice of peace
London organized police in 1829
American colonies followed the British model
Police Departments established in U.S large cities like new york, boston, and Philli (1838-1880)
features of organized police
Established rules and procedures
Publicly supported and bureaucratic in form
Full-time police officer, continuous employment
Police accountable to a central governmental authority
August Vollmer’s Reforms
Police chief in Berkeley
Instituted reforms like university training, modern management techniques, prevention programs and Juvenile Aid Bureau
Advocated police reform, training, and understanding of causes of delinquency
set up special unit Juvenile Aid Bureau in 1930’s
police role conflict
Corruption, Brutality, tension/ conflict with public, Racism, Sexism, Political connections/ influences
Specialized Police Unit (delinquency control squads) established in early 20th century
establishment of juvenile court
Emphasis of care and supervision of children
Increased hiring of female officers
factors shaping police discretion
Police department policy
Communal norms and alternatives
situational factors
Criminal history Age, sex, race of offender/ victim Attitudes of offender Nature of offense Family situation
Most Restrictive to Least Restrictive Options of Handling Juveniles
Juvenile court Detention Referral (diversion) Station House Adjustment Street Warning
probable cause
One of the limits to police power
Defined as falling somewhere between mere suspicion and absolute certainty that an offense took place and that the subject is a guilty party
custodial interrogation
Controversial because kids aren’t always educated on the right to remain silent and can be exploited to give up information, so they can waive their right
totality of the circumstances
flexible test established by the Supreme Court for identifying whether probable cause exists that permits the judge to determine whether the available evidence is both sufficient and reliable enough to issue a warrant
limits to police power (3)
probable cause, custodial interrogation, and totality of the circumstances
police discretion
selective enforcement of the law by authorized police agents
departmental policy
Discretion being used at the departmental level to pressure juvenile officers to increase, decrease or refrain from making arrests under certain circumstances; being overall alert to certain types of violations
environmental considerations
Police officers being influenced by their perception of community alternatives to police intervention
situational factors contributing to arrest
race, gender, criminal history, crime nature/ severity, crime setting, family situation, and offender attitude
race offender-victim characteristics
Blacks more likely to be pulled over/ stopped by police
Blacks arrested on a rate disproportionately higher to their population
Blacks more likely to be recommended for formal processing, referred to court, adjudicated delinquent, and given harsher dispositions for comparable offenses
gender offender-victim characteristics
Females more likely to be arrested for status offenses
Police less likely to process females for delinquent acts, especially girls placed out of home
offender’s attitude
doesn’t make as much of a difference in juveniles
police biases
Racial disparity most often occurs at arrests but may exist at other points
Police tend to be more lenient to girls for serious offenses
Police are harsher to young girls and girls with minor or status offenses
chivalry hypothesis
police are likely to act paternally to young girls and not arrest them
community policing model components
shared responsibility
proactive prevention
shared responsibility
view residents as partners
proactive prevention
increased number of police officers/ presence + increased patrol time/ surveillance of hot spots/ hot times.
proactive prevention programs
DARE, GREAT, PAL, STAR
increased police visibility
patrol on foot or bikes
increased police accountability
transparency
problem oriented policing
Law enforcement that focuses on addressing the underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone
Address problems of community disorganization
SARA (problem oriented)
scan, analyze, respond, assess
