Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SD: Peds > Peds: Renal & GU > Flashcards

Peds: Renal & GU Flashcards

1
Q

What is hemoglobinuria?

A

presence of hemoglobin FREE from red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does hemoglobinuria occur?

A

occurs with rapid disintegration of red blood cells, exceeding the ability of blood protein to bind with hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common cause of hemoglobinuria?

A

hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the cause of myoglobinuria?

A

skeletal muscle injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What else is likely to be elevated with myoglobinuria?

A

CK (fivefold increase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is benign familial hematuria?

A

isolated asymptomatic hematuria without renal abnormalities in multiple family members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common bacteria that causes UTIs?

A

E coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

bacterial involvement of upper urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some S/S of pyelonephritis?

A

abdominal pain

flank pain

fever

lethargy

N/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is cystitis?

A

bacteria involvement of bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some S/S of cystitis?

A

dysuria

frequency

urgency

sometimes odor

abdominal pain

incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is asymptomatic bacteriuria?

A

positive culture without symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When should imaging be done in kids with their first UTI?

A

before the age of 5

febrile UTI

recurring UTI

male with UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the imaging tool of choice for UTIs?

A

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

*should be done with child IS NOT sick*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What should be done if proteinuria is found on dipstick with absence of other findings or concerns?

A

repeat the dipstick on 2-3 other occasions

(preferable first AM urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What should be done if their is persisting proteinuria?

A

a 24 hour collection is the test of choice

upper limit of normal protein excretion is 150mg/24 hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most common cause of persisting proteinuria in kids?

A

orthostatic proteinuria

(normal to low levels of protein are excreted in the supin position but higher levels are excreted in the upright position)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 diseases of primary nephrotic syndrome?

A
  1. minimal change disease (most common)
  2. mesangial proliferation
  3. focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is minimal change disease?

A

glomeruli (capillary network) generally appear normal, or minimal incrase in mesangial cells (support cells for glomeruli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is mesangial proliferation?

A

increase in mesangial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?

A

mesangial proliferation & segmental scarring, leading to sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Initial episodes of primary nephrotic syndrome usually follow what?

A

illness

infections

allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some S/S of primary nephrotic syndrome?

A

facial & lower extremity edema (often overlooked as an allergic reaction)

abdominal pain

diarrhea

irritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is primary nephrotic syndrome diagnosed?

A

3-4+ proteinuria on dipstick (persisting)

urinary protein exceeds 150mg/24 hour

serum creatinine is normal to minimally elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the treatment for primary nephrotic syndrome?

A

children with generalized edema should be hospitalized

diuretics may be used very cautiously

close monitoring

complications: volume overload, electrolyte imbalance, HTN, cardiac, renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

If an initial episode of primary nephrotic syndrome occurs between ages 1-8, what is it most likely to be & what is the treatment?

A

minimal change disease

generallly considered safe to initiate steroids without a biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is secondary nephrotic syndrome?

A

occurs as a secondary feature of many forms of glomerular disease

consider in patients > 8 yrs, HTN, persisting hematuria, renal dysfunction, rash, and/or arthalgia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When does congenital nephrotic syndrome develop?

A

first 3 months of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are some S/S associated with congenital nephrotic syndrome?

A

premature birth

respiratory trouble

poorly defined sutures are common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Tubulointerstitial Nephritis (TIN)?

A

caused by interstitial inflammation with sparing of vessles & glomeruli

31
Q

What is the main triad of symptoms for acute TIN?

A

fever

rash

arthralgia w/ steadily rising creatinine

32
Q

How is the diagnosis made for acute TIN?

A

presentation & lab findings (UA, renal function)

pay attention to timing as symptoms appear 1-2 weeks following exposure

33
Q

What is the treatment for acute TIN?

A

supportive

watch for complications (volume overload, electrolyte imbalance)

consider steroids

34
Q

What are some etiologies of acute TIN?

A

PCN, cephalosporins, sulfa, drugs, fluoroquinolones, EES, anti-convulsants, diuretics, allopurinol, cimetidine, cyclosporine, NSAIDs

streptococcal infections, pyelonephritis, Hep B, EBV, HIV, adenovirus

sarcoid, SLE, idiopathic

35
Q

What are some etiologies of chronic TIN?

A

analgesics, cyclosprin, lithium, heavy metal exposure

sickle cell disease, polycystic kidney disease, Alport syndrome, SLE

ureteropelvic junction abnormality, urinary reflex, radiation, idiopathic

36
Q

What is Alport syndrome?

A

congenital condition characterized by deafness, large thrombocytes, cataracts

37
Q

What is the treatment for Alport syndrome?

A

no cure

dialysis or transplant may be beneficial

38
Q

What is the most common etiology of chronic TIN?

A

underlying renal disease

39
Q

What will the kidneys look like on imaging & biopsy in chronic TIN?

A

imaging- kidneys will appear small

biopsy- tubular atrophy

40
Q

What are some S/S of chronic TIN?

A

non-specific

fatigue

poor growth

polyuria

polydipsia

anemia

41
Q

How is the diagnosis made for chronic TIN?

A

escalating creatinine level

ultrasound revealing small kidneys

history of chronic disease or exposure

42
Q

What is the treatment for chronic TIN?

A

supportive

maintain fluids, electrolytes, avoid nephrotoxins

prognosis dependent on underlying disease

43
Q

When do S/S appear in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis & what are the most common ages for this?

A

sxs appear 1-2 weeks following a throat infection

or 3-6 weeks following a skin infection

most common between ages 5-12

44
Q

What are the S/S of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

sudden onset hematuria

edema

HTN

renal insufficiency

45
Q

How will the kidneys appear on imaging in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

kidneys appear large on imaging

glomeruli are enlarged with mesangial cell proliferation

46
Q

What strep titer will be elevated & can determine a recent throat infection (but not skin infection)?

A

anti-streptolysin O titer

47
Q

What can be checked to determine/confirm a recent skin infection?

A

deoxyribonuclease B anti-streptococcal

48
Q

What is the treatment for post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

control effects of renal failure & HTN

sodium restriction

ACEIs, CCBs, vasodilators

tx infection w/ appropriate antibiotics

49
Q

What glomerulonephritis disorder typically presents as an isolated disease but can be secondary to autoimmune disease, malignancies, syphilis, or Hep B infections?

A

membranous glomerulopathy

50
Q

What is membranous glomerulopathy?

A

thickening of basement membrane without proliferative changes

thought to be from visceral epithelial cell deposits

51
Q

How is the diagnosis made for membranous glomerulopathy?

A

biopsy

usually done in cases of persisting hematuria & proteinuria & lack of other explanation

52
Q

What is the most comon cause of acute renal failure in kids?

A

hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)

53
Q

What are the 3 main S/S of HUS?

A

hemolytic anemia

uremia (toxic levels of nitrogen in the blood)

thrombocytopenia

54
Q

_____ ___ illness precedes 80% of cases of HUS

A

acute GI illness (E. coli)

55
Q

What might the physical exam of someone with HUS reveal?

A

dehydration

edema

petechiae

hepatosplenomegaly

56
Q

How is the diagnosis made for HUS?

A

supported by clinical findings, hx, CBC, renal panel

CBC may show helmet & burr cells

57
Q

What is the treatment for HUS?

A

supportive

with attention on HTN, nutrition, fluid, & electrolyte balance

58
Q

What is Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Nephritis and what is it characterized by?

A

small vessel vasculitis

purpuric rash, arthralgia, abdominal pain & glomerulonephritis

59
Q

When do symptoms of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Nephritis usually occur?

A

usually 1-3 weeks following illness, usually URI

60
Q

What are some causes of toxic nephropathy?

A

medications

diagnostic agents (dyes)

chemicals

usually reversible if offending agent is removed

61
Q

What age should routine BP screenings start?

A

3

62
Q

What are some S/S associated with pediatric hypertension?

A

HA

blurry vision

UTI

edema

rash

DOE

63
Q

What are some pharm & non-pharm treatments for pediatric hypertension?

A

exercise, salt restriction, weight loss

CCB, diuretics, ACEI, B-blockers

64
Q

What is vesicouretal reflex?

A

retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureter & pelvis

65
Q

What does vesicoureteral reflex cause?

A

causes urine to ‘back up’ leading to infection, inflammation, scarring

66
Q

What is the leading cause of HTN in children?

A

vesicoureteral reflex

67
Q

How is vesicoureteral reflux diagnosed?

A

VCUG

68
Q

What is the treatment for vesicoureteral reflux?

A

toileting habits should be monitored

proper wiping technique for girls

watch for straining with stools

treat constipation

surgical therapy if recurring UTIs or signs of renal damage

69
Q

What is hypospadius?

A

urethral opening located on ventral surface of penis

70
Q

What is the treatment for hypospadius?

A

circumcision should be avoided because the foreskin may be used in surgical repair

surgical repair is advised between 6-12 months

71
Q

What is phimosis?

A

inability to retract the foreskin

72
Q

What is the definitive treatment of phimosis?

A

circumcision

73
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

occurs when foreskin is retracted beyond the glans penis, & cannot be pulled forward again

leads to strangulation of glans penis due to venous congestion

74
Q

What is the treatment for paraphimosis?

A

surgical repair is often needed

this is a medical emergency

SD: Peds (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions