Peds: Endocrine Flashcards
What are the 3 major S/S of diabetes mellitus?
polyuria
thirst
weight loss
What is metabolic syndrome?
(5 factors)
central obesity: waist circumference > 88cm (35”) in women, > 102cm (40”) in men
hyperglycemia: FBS > 110 mg/dL
HTN: BP > 135/85
elevated trig: > 150 mg/dL
decreased HDL: <40 mg/dL for men, < 50 mg/dL for women
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
auto-immune mediated w/ presence of islet cell antibodies
causes destruction of beta cells
What is a common complication of untreated type 1 diabetes?
DKA
What are some symptoms of DKA?
abdominal pain
nausea
vomiting
What is the treatment for Type 1 Diabetes?
insulin
diet
exercise
manage stress
monitoring
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
combination of insulin resistance & defect of beta cells to secrete adequate insulin in response to glucose
decreased insulin production (destruction of beta cells)
What is the treatment for Type 2 Diabetes?
lifestyle modification
Metformin is first line medication
What is excessive GH release almost always from?
pituitary adenoma
What is gigantism?
if there is excessive GH before closure of epiphyses
What is acromegaly?
if excessive GH release is after epiphyseal closure
How is GH secreted?
in a pulsatile fashion
What are some S/S of GH deficiency?
decreased growth velocity & delayed skeletale maturation in the absence of other explanations
subnormal growth velocity
may have excess truncal adiposity
What is the treatment for GH deficiency?
GH therapy
What are some S/S of hypothyroidism?
growth retardation
decreased physical activity
weight gain
constipation
dry skin
cold intolerance
delayed puberty
What are some S/S of neonates with hypothyroidism?
thick tongue
large fontanel
poor muscle tone
hoarseness
umbilical hernia
jaundice
How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?
TSH levels are elevated in primary hypothyroidism
T4/T3 resin uptake are low
What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?
thyroid hormone (levothyroxine)
What does early detection of congenital hypothyroidism prevent?
cretinism
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
graves disease
What are some S/S of hyperthyroidism?
nervousness
emotional lability
hyperactivity
fatigue
tremor
palpitations
excessive appetite
weight loss
increased perspiration
heat intolerance
What are some S/S of graves disease?
goiter
exophthalmos
tachycardia
widened pulse pressure
systolic hypertension
weakness
smooth/moist/warm skin
How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?
TSH levels are suppressed
T3/T4 levels elevated
What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism?
beta blockers
PTU/Methimaxole
radiation therapy
surgery
What is the hallmark of hypoparathyroidism?
low ionized calcium
What are some S/S of hypoparathyroidism?
tetany w/ facial & extremity numbness, tingling
cramps/spontaneous muscle contractures,
carpopedal spasm, LOC, convulsions
diarrhea, QT prolongation, laryngospasm
defective nails & teeth, cataracts, hyperactive reflexes
What are 2 signs to test in hypoparathyroidism?
Chvostek’s sign
Trousseau’s sign
What is the treatment for hypoparathyroidism?
replace calcium
vit D supplementation
What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
limited hormone production from adrenal glands
What are some S/S of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
salt-wasting, electrolyte disorders, dehydration
infant girls have genital ambiguity but have normal ovaries & uterus
infant boys may appear normal
What levels should be assess to diagnose congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
cortisol
aldosterone
What is the treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
glucocorticoids (need to replace cortisol & aldosterone)
GNRH agonist
What are some S/S of androgen insensitivity?
individuals have female external genitalia w/ short, blind-ending vagina
gonads are located either intra-abdominally or in the inguinal canal
How is androgen insensitivity diagnosed?
genetic testing
ultrasound (look for uterus/ovaries)
androgen levels
What is the treatment for androgen insensitivity?
surgery
hormone replacement
