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SD: Peds > Peds: Endocrine > Flashcards

Peds: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major S/S of diabetes mellitus?

A

polyuria

thirst

weight loss

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2
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

(5 factors)

A

central obesity: waist circumference > 88cm (35”) in women, > 102cm (40”) in men

hyperglycemia: FBS > 110 mg/dL

HTN: BP > 135/85

elevated trig: > 150 mg/dL

decreased HDL: <40 mg/dL for men, < 50 mg/dL for women

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3
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

A

auto-immune mediated w/ presence of islet cell antibodies

causes destruction of beta cells

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4
Q

What is a common complication of untreated type 1 diabetes?

A

DKA

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5
Q

What are some symptoms of DKA?

A

abdominal pain

nausea

vomiting

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6
Q

What is the treatment for Type 1 Diabetes?

A

insulin

diet

exercise

manage stress

monitoring

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7
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes?

A

combination of insulin resistance & defect of beta cells to secrete adequate insulin in response to glucose

decreased insulin production (destruction of beta cells)

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8
Q

What is the treatment for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

lifestyle modification

Metformin is first line medication

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9
Q

What is excessive GH release almost always from?

A

pituitary adenoma

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10
Q

What is gigantism?

A

if there is excessive GH before closure of epiphyses

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11
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

if excessive GH release is after epiphyseal closure

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12
Q

How is GH secreted?

A

in a pulsatile fashion

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13
Q

What are some S/S of GH deficiency?

A

decreased growth velocity & delayed skeletale maturation in the absence of other explanations

subnormal growth velocity

may have excess truncal adiposity

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14
Q

What is the treatment for GH deficiency?

A

GH therapy

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15
Q

What are some S/S of hypothyroidism?

A

growth retardation

decreased physical activity

weight gain

constipation

dry skin

cold intolerance

delayed puberty

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16
Q

What are some S/S of neonates with hypothyroidism?

A

thick tongue

large fontanel

poor muscle tone

hoarseness

umbilical hernia

jaundice

17
Q

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?

A

TSH levels are elevated in primary hypothyroidism

T4/T3 resin uptake are low

18
Q

What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

A

thyroid hormone (levothyroxine)

19
Q

What does early detection of congenital hypothyroidism prevent?

A

cretinism

20
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

graves disease

21
Q

What are some S/S of hyperthyroidism?

A

nervousness

emotional lability

hyperactivity

fatigue

tremor

palpitations

excessive appetite

weight loss

increased perspiration

heat intolerance

22
Q

What are some S/S of graves disease?

A

goiter

exophthalmos

tachycardia

widened pulse pressure

systolic hypertension

weakness

smooth/moist/warm skin

23
Q

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?

A

TSH levels are suppressed

T3/T4 levels elevated

24
Q

What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism?

A

beta blockers

PTU/Methimaxole

radiation therapy

surgery

25
Q

What is the hallmark of hypoparathyroidism?

A

low ionized calcium

26
Q

What are some S/S of hypoparathyroidism?

A

tetany w/ facial & extremity numbness, tingling

cramps/spontaneous muscle contractures,

carpopedal spasm, LOC, convulsions

diarrhea, QT prolongation, laryngospasm

defective nails & teeth, cataracts, hyperactive reflexes

27
Q

What are 2 signs to test in hypoparathyroidism?

A

Chvostek’s sign

Trousseau’s sign

28
Q

What is the treatment for hypoparathyroidism?

A

replace calcium

vit D supplementation

29
Q

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

limited hormone production from adrenal glands

30
Q

What are some S/S of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

salt-wasting, electrolyte disorders, dehydration

infant girls have genital ambiguity but have normal ovaries & uterus

infant boys may appear normal

31
Q

What levels should be assess to diagnose congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

cortisol

aldosterone

32
Q

What is the treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

glucocorticoids (need to replace cortisol & aldosterone)

GNRH agonist

33
Q

What are some S/S of androgen insensitivity?

A

individuals have female external genitalia w/ short, blind-ending vagina

gonads are located either intra-abdominally or in the inguinal canal

34
Q

How is androgen insensitivity diagnosed?

A

genetic testing

ultrasound (look for uterus/ovaries)

androgen levels

35
Q

What is the treatment for androgen insensitivity?

A

surgery

hormone replacement

SD: Peds (11 decks)

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