Peds Flashcards
Cerebral Palsy
Non-progressive
d/t brain injury
4 types: Spastic*, ataxia, dyskinetic, mixed
Hydrocephalus
Increased volume of CSF –> ventricular dilation and increased ICP
2 types: obstructive vs non-obstructive
Hydrocephalus sx
Bradycardia
HTN
HA, behavior change, papilledema, spasticity
Hydrocephalus dx
Newborn: Ultrasound
Children: MRI/ CT
Hydrocephalus tx
Neurosurgeon –> Shunt
Microcephaly
> 2SD below mean OR
<5th%
If sx: delay milestone, seizure, Early fontanelle closure, Prominent suture
Macrocephaly
> 2SD above mean OR
>97th%
Rate of growth of Macrocephaly hints at Etiology
Rapid: increased ICP
Catch up: Premie, neuro intact
Normal: Familial
Chari malformation Type 1
Type 1: cerebellum disp caudally, Syringomyelia- fluid filled cyst in spinal cord “cape like sensory loss”
sx onset teen or adult
Chair malformation type 2
NEED SURGERY
all sx of type 1 + Myelomeningocele
Sx earlier (Prenatal or AT BIRTH)
dysphagia, apneic spells
Spina Bifida
Closed: occulta
Open: Meningocele, myelomeningocele
Risk factors:
Low folate, fever, genetics, poor managed DM, obesity
Spina bifida Occulta
Hairy patch
Dimple
Dark spot
Spina bifida meningocele
Outpoutching of spinal FLUID and MENINGES
Spina bifida myelomeningocele
Outpouching of SPINAL CORD and MENINGES
Spina bifida myelomeningocele (THE WORST)
Sensory loss, paralysis, Incontinence (urinary and bowel)
Often also has: Chairi II and Hydrocephalus
NF1
Autosomal Dominant Macrocephalus, seizures, cognitive delay "Cafe-au-lait" spot Axillary/inguinal freckles Lisch nodules Optic pathway glioma
Migraine
Focal
2-72 hrs
Pulse/throbbing
Associated sx: N/V, photophobia, maybe aura
Tension HA
Diffuse, can last up to 7 days
Constant pressure
Not worse w activity
maybe photophobia
Pseudomotor Cerebri
Idiopathic intracranial HTN (increased ICP but no mass or hydrocephalus)
OBESE TEEN GIRL
Pseudomotor Cerebri classic sx
OBESE TEEN GIRL
HA and Papilledema
Also: pulsatile tinnitus, neck stiff
Pseudomotor Cerebri Dx
LP would show increased opening pressure
Tx for Pseudomotor Cerebri
intracranial HTN
Acetazolamide
Topiramate, weight loss
Absence seizure
Considered generalized (both hemispheres) Sudden impaired consciousness w/o loss of tone
Provoked by hyperventilation
Abscense seizure
often gone by age 10
Dx: EEG
lasting 10 sec, may have up to 10/day
Absecne seizure tx
Ethosuximide
Febrile Seizure dx
EEG not indicated!! not necessary
Febrile Seizure dx, IF lasting LONGER than 5 min
IV Benzos
Guillian Barre
C. Jejuni
Acute flaccid paralysis
Ascending symmetric weakness
Dx of Guillian Barre
EMG/NCV
CSF has increased protein, normal WBC
Spinal MRI (with AND without contrast): enhanced nerve roots and cauda equina
Tx of Guillian Barre
IVIG or plasma exchange
Botulism
Honey Ach <6 mo usually Descending weakness Constipation, hypotonia
Dx of Botulism
Stool sample, EMG/NCV
Tx of Botulism
Immunoglobulin-
BIG-IV or BabyBIG
Duchenne MD
X. link recessive
MORE SEVERE FORM
earlier onset, death by 18YO
“Gower sign”
Dx of Duchenne MD
Increased muscle enzymes
genetic testing
Tx of Duchenne MD
Glucocorticoids
Becker MD
sx onset later
less severe, BUT
Cardiomyopathy may be more severe
Chiari Malformation Type 1
Neck pain
If syingomyelia: cape like sensory loss, loss of abd reflex
Dx of Chiari
MRI
Tx of Pseudomotor cerebri
Acetazolamide
Epilepsy
> 2 unprovoked, more than 24 hrs apart
Most common generalized seizure
Tonic and Clonic
Absence
provoked by Hyperventilation
tx for Abscence seizure
Ethosuximide
Croup (viral)
Parainfluenza: most common
Barking cough “Seal”
Hoarse, Stridor
Steeple sign on CXR
Croup
Croup
Mild: no stridor
Mod: stridor, some retractions
Severe: stridor, retractions, AND agitation
Stridor
inspiratory squeaking
Tx of Croup
Mild: Supportive, maybe steroid
Moderate: Steroid, Epi
Severe: ED
Epiglottitis
EMERGENCY
Usually bacterial: Hib
Vaccine available
Triad:
Dysphagia, drooling, distress
Epiglottitis
and “Hot potato voice”
Thumb sign on CXR
Epiglotitties
Epiglottitis tx
3rd gen Cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone)
If you suspect Aspiration from foreign body,
PROMPT Bronchoscopy should be performed