Pediatrics Flashcards
1
Q
Birth weight is doubled at
A
4 months
2
Q
Birth length increases by _____ at 1 year
A
50%
3
Q
Physiologic weight loss occurs on the _____ days of life
A
First 10 (to 14) days of life
4
Q
Average head circumference _____ increased by _____ by 1st year
A
35cm
10cm
5
Q
Average length of a newborn infant
A
50cm
6
Q
myelination of cortex begins at
A
7-8 months of age
7
Q
Weaning period
A
6 months
8
Q
Sits without support
A
6 months
9
Q
Walks alone
A
12 months
10
Q
Speaks 10-15 words
A
18 months
11
Q
Pincer grasp well-developed at
A
12 months
12
Q
Bed wetting is normal up to _____ in girls and _____ in boys
A
4 years old in girls
5 years old in boys
13
Q
Knows full name
A
30 months
14
Q
climbs stairs one step at a time
A
24 months
15
Q
Copies a circle
A
36 months
16
Q
Tells stories
A
48 months
17
Q
Hallmark of adolescent development
A
Separation from parents
18
Q
ASO titer in rheumatic fever
A
more than 333 TU
19
Q
Significant risk factor for development of RDS in newborn
A
Maternal diabetes
20
Q
Pyuria of ____ WBC/hpf in spun urine is indicative of UTI in children
A
5
10 if unspun
21
Q
Gold standard for acute pyelonephritis
A
DMSA renal scan
22
Q
Most common cause of acute pyelonephriis in <2 years old
A
VUR
23
Q
Duration of Treatment of acute cystitis and pyelonephritis respectively
A
5-7 days
10-14 days
24
Q
Isolated glomerular hematuria with low C3
A
PSGN
MPGN
Hep B
HIV
25
What differentiates PSGN from MPGN?
C3 levels normalize in 6-8 weeks
26
Most common chronic glomerular disease worldwide
IgA nephropathy
| Berger disease
27
X-linked hereditary nephritis assoc w/ sensorineural hearing loss and anterior lenticonus
Alport Syndrome
28
Multisystem glomerular hematuria with low C3
SLE
29
Most common cause of AKI in children <4 y/o
HUS
30
most common manifestation of SLE in childhood (>8 y/o)
SLE nephritis
31
Random urine protein:crea ratio in nephrotic syndrome
>2
32
Hypoalbuminemia in nephrotic syndrome
<2.5 mg/dL
33
Tx for minimal change disease
Pred 60mg/m2/day
in 3 divided doses
for 4-6 weeks
34
Final common pathway of glomerular destruction
Hyperfiltration injury
35
Formula for estimated crea clearance
k (0.55) x length in cm
| divided by plasma crea
36
In neonatal lupus, fetal echocardiography should be done at what AOG
16 weeks AOG until delivery
37
Gottron’s papules in dermatomyositis seen at
knuckles (MCP), PIP, elbows, knees, ankles
38
Rheumatologic disease with equal prevalence among men and women
JIA (systemic type)
39
Risk factor for development of inflammatory eye disease (uveitis)
ANA
| positive in pauci
40
Polyarticular type of JIA involves how many joints
5 or more
41
<16 y/o
arthritis >6 weeks
quotidian fever (q24h)
salmon-colored evanescent rash
JIA systemic type
42
antibodies present in limited systemic scleroderma
Anticentromere
43
antibodies present in diffuse systemic scleroderma
Anti-scl 70
44
Most common organ involvement in systemic scleroderma
Pulmonary
45
Tx for pulmonary alveolitis in systemic scleroderma
Cyclophosphamide
46
Tx for systemic scleroderma
Methotrexate +/- steroids
47
```
5 days fever + 4 of the ff:
bilateral conjunctival injection
strawberry tongue
hand erythema/periungual desquamation
truncal rash
cervical LN, unilateral, >1.5cm
```
Kawasaki disease
| mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
48
Most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries
Kawasaki disease
49
Tx of Kawasaki
IVIG + highdose aspirin
50
Most common infectious trigger of polyarteritis nodosa
GABHS
| hep B in adults
51
Rheumatologic disease characterized by necrotizing granulomas in respi tract and kidneys
Wegener’s granulomatosis
| granulomatosis with polyangiitis
52
```
Upper RT (sinusitis, hearing loss)
Lower RT (chronic cough, hemoptysis)
Kidneys (hematuria, proteinuria)
saddle nose deformity
(+) c-ANCA /anti-PR3
```
Wegener’s granulomatosis
53
Reiter’s disease is classically triggered by
Chlamydia trachomatis
54
Male-predominant
HLA-B27
Enthesitis
Ankylosing spondylitis
55
Mainstay of tx for SLE
Glucocorticoids
56
DOC for lupus nephritis and CNS lupus
Cyclophosphamide
57
anti-Ro and anti-La
| Congenital heart block
Neonatal lupus
58
Complication of untreated Kawasaki disease developing in 2nd-3rd week
Coronary artery aneurysms
59
Aphthous stomatitis
Genital ulcers
Uveitis
HLA-B5 & B-51
PATHERGY
Behcet’s disease
| silk road disease
60
```
CREST Syndrome
Calcinosis
Raynaud’s
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasia
```
Limted Systemic Sclerosis
61
Vasculitic rash
Livedo reticularis
Abd pain
PAN
| steroids + cyclophosphamide
62
Most common pathogen assoc w/ common colds
Rhinovirus
63
Most common pathogen assoc w/ common colds in less than 2y/o
RSV
64
Most common complication of common colds
Acute Otitis Media
65
Bacterial pathogens implicated in AOM and sinusitis
Strep pneumo
H influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
66
Bullous myringitis is commonly assoc with what bacterial pathogen
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
67
Sinuses present at birth
Maxillary
| Ethmoid
68
Sinus(es) pneumatized at birth
Ethmoid
69
Sinus last to develop (7-8 y/o)
Frontal sinus
70
What drains in the SuPErior meatus
Sphenoid
| Posterior ethmoid
71
Upper airway obstruction:
| Steeple sign
Viral croup (LTB)
72
Upper airway obstruction:
| Thumb sign
Acute epiglottitis
73
Upper airway obstruction:
| Ragged air column
Bacterial tracheitis
74
Upper airway obstruction:
| Tripod position
Acute epiglottitis
75
Most common LRTI in infants
Bronchiolitis (RSV)
76
```
LRTI:
1-3 months
staccato-like cough
afebrile
NO wheezing
```
Chlamydia trachomatis
| vs RSV bronchiolitis
77
RF for severe disease in bronchiolitis
<12 weeks
premature
comorbid condition
78
etiologic agent of pneumonia if with rusty sputum
Strep pneumoniae
79
DOC for fully-susceptible typhoid fever
Chloramphenicol
80
etiologic agent of pneumonia if with staccato cough and sticky eye discharge
Chlamydia trachomatis
81
Etiology of pneumonia assoc w/ currant jelly sputum
Klebsiella pneumoniae
82
Walking pneumonia
with ear and throat involvement
NO coryza
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
83
Pneumonia presenting with extrapulmonart symptoms (diarrhea, jaundice, vomiting, arthritis)
Legionella pneumophila
84
Congenital lobar emphysema usually occurs in what lobe of the lung
Left upper lobe
85
late manifestations of TB
renal and skeletal
86
Lobe commonly affected in endobronchial TB
RML bronchus
87
Most common form of extrapulmonary TB in children
Scrofula
88
Variant of normal growth with
normal growth velocity and
delayed puberty
“Late bloomers”
Constitutional growth delay
89
Conditions presenting as tall stature
Marfan syndrome
| Homocystinuria
90
Precocious puberty:
before _____ in girls
before _____ in boys
8 y/o
| 9 y/o
91
Gonadotropin-dependent premature isosexual puberty in boys would make you suspect
CNS pathology - tumors
| request for neuroimaging
92
High risk to develop neonatal varicella if mother acquires infection during this period
5 days before to 2 days after delivery
93
infection characterized by congenital skin scarring and limb hypoplasia
congenital varicella syndrome
94
hoagband sign (edema of eyelids) is seen in which infection?
infectious mononucleosis
95
triad of infectious mononucleosis
pharyngitis
lymphadenopathy
splenomegaly
96
downey cells are seen in PBS of
infectious mononucleosis
97
faget sign is seen in
typhoid fever
yellow fever
tularemia
98
Period of communicability in diphtheria
2 to 6 weeks after infection
99
cause of mortality in 50-60% of patients with diphtheria
myocarditis
| toxic cardiomyopathy
100
100% attack rate on the first stage of this infectious disease
Pertussis (catarrhal stage)
101
Most common cause of bloody diarrhea in children
Shigella
102
Most common location of volvulus
Sigmoid and cecum
103
Most common etiology of LTB
Parainfluenza virus
104
Most common cause of bronchiolitis
RSV
105
APGAR parameter that is last to disappear in a sick baby
Cardiac rate
106
APGAR parameter that is first to reappear in a resuscitated baby
Cardiac rate
107
Most common cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn
ABO incompatibility
108
First carpal bone to appear in xray showing its center of ossification
capitate
| 2 months
109
rib notching is seen in which congenital heart defect
coarctation of the aorta
110
most common cause of thyroid disease in children and adolescents
hashimoto / autoimmune / lymphocytic thyroiditis
111
major complication of nephrotic syndrome
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
| Strep pneumo or E coli
112
most common cause of thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood
ITP
113
most common inherited bleeding disorder
Von Willebrand Disease
114
most common soft tissue sarcoma in children
rhabdomyosarcoma
115
Major risk factors for recurrence of febrile seizures
less than 1 y/o
<24 hours duration of fever
38-39 degrees
116
transient paralysis post-ictus of a generalized tonic clonic seizure
Todd’s paresis / paralysis
117
Test with the highest specificity in diagnosing UTI
Nitrite test
118
#1 cause of neonatal seizures
hypoxia
119
Hallmark of atopic dermatitis
Dry skin
120
Cornerstone of anti inflammatory teeatment for AD
topical corticosteroids
121
physiologic anemia in term neonates
6-8 weeks
122
physiologic anemia in preterm neonates
3-4 weeks
123
proper breastmilk storage period if left at room temp (<25C)
4 hours
124
most common cause of bronchiolitis
RSV
125
causative agents of acute otitis media
strep pneumo
h influenza
moraxella catarrhalis
126
Conditions with increased upper to lower body ratio
rickets
achondroplasia
untreated hypothyroidism
127
dysfluency and stuttering usually manifest in this age group
preschool
128
treatment of cholera in children
azithromycin
| doxycycline for adults
129
treatment for crohn’s disease
mesalamine
130
treatment for ulcerative colitis
sulfasalazine
131
mixed IgE and cell mediated hypersensitivities
atopic dermatitis
asthma
eosinophilic esophagitis and gastroenteritis
132
food allergies that are likely to be outgrown in later years
cow milk
| eggs
133
food allergies that tend to persist in life
peanuts
nuts
seafoods
134
major RF for developing persistent asthma in later life
parental history of asthma
| eczema
135
minor RF for developing persistent asthma in later life
allergic rhinitis
>4% eosinophilia
food allergies
136
autoimmune defect in T and NK cells
severe progressive infectious mononucleosis
X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (Duncan)
137
triad of AD, thrombocytopenic purpura, draining ears
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
138
immune deficiency with chronic enterovirus infection and absent lymph nodes (as opposed to common variable immune deficiency)
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
| Bruton
139
inmune deficiency with impaired chemotaxis and regulation of cytokine production
coarse facial features, staph pneumonia with pneumatoceles, staph abscesses
HyperIgE syndrome
| Job
140
how long before B12 stored in the liver gets depleted?
3-5 years
141
contents of cryoprecipitate
```
factor 8
factor 13
VWF
fibrinogen
fibrin
```
142
frequent cause of premature isosexual puberty in boys
CNS pathology
| hypothalamic hamartoma
143
often the first symptom of congenital hypothyroidism
prolonged jaundice
144
hallmark of acquired hypothyroidism
slow linear growth
145
most common cause of hypercortisolism in children >7y/o
pituitary tumor (oversecretion of ACTH)
146
disorder of neuronal migration characterized by presence of unilateral or bilateral clefts within the cerebral hemispheres
schizencephaly
147
disorder of neuronal migration characterized by absence of cerebral convolutions (agyria)
lissencephaly
148
causes of communicating hydrocephalus
subarachnoid hemorrhage
meningitis
meningeal malignancy
149
most severe phenotypic expression of febrile seizure
Dravet syndrome
150
period of communicability of mumps
1-2 days before to 5 days after parotid gland swelling
151
most common complications of mumps
meningitis and orchitis
152
Period of acquisition of neonatal varicella
5 days before to 2 days after delivery
153
originally described as glandular fever
EBV (infectious mononucleosis)
154
causes of infectious mononucleosis-like illnesses
```
CMV
Toxoplasma
adenovirus
hepatitis virus
primary HIV
rubella
```
155
classic triad of EBV
fatigue
pharyngitis
generalized lymphadenopathy
156
most common tumor of adrenal medulla in children
neuroblastoma
157
Forscheimer spots are seen in
German measles
Infectious mononucleosis
Scarlet fever
Roseola infantum
158
major RF for recurrence of febrile seizures (3)
age < 1 year old
fever 38-39 C
fever duration < 24 hours
159
Timing of migraine with aura
Aura lasts 5 to 60 minutes
| Headache follows within 60 min of aura
160
most common cause of death in measles
pneumonia
161
most common complication of measles
pneumonia
162
more than 90% of anaphylactic biphasic responses occur within
4 hours
163
most effective medication class for allergic rhinitis
intranasal corticosteroids
164
most common life-threatening emergency of GI in the newborn
NEC
165
autoantibody-mediated deficiency of metalloproteinase (ADAMTS-13) responsible for cleaving VWF
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
166
```
Syndrome:
Agenesis of corpus callosum
Retinal lacunae, colonoma of iris
Seizures (infatile spasms)
MR
Xlinked dominant (girls)
```
Aicardi syndrome
167
NF type 1
| cafe-au-lait spots
VonRecklinghausen Disease
168
Most common and most severe form of lupus nephritis
```
Class IV
(diffuse proliferative subendothelial deposits)
```
169
recommended immunosuppressive therapy for pulmonary alveolitis and to prevent pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma
Cyclophosphamide
170
Criteria for perinatal asphyxia (4)
1. profound acidemia pH <7
2. persistent APGAR 0-3 >5min
3. neurologic sequelae (HIE)
4. multiorgan failure
171
functional closure of DA?
| foramen ovale?
10-15 hours of birth
| 3rd month of life
172
BP should be checked starting at age
3 y/o
173
double bubble sign (2)
duodenal atresia
| midgut volvulus
174
most common cause of drug-induced angioedema
ACE inhibitors
| bradykinin-mediated
175
triad of:
AD
thrombocytopenic purpura
increased susceptibility to infx
Wiskott-Alsrich syndrome
176
Combined T and B cell immunodeficiencies (4)
SCID
Wiskott-Aldrick syndrome
Duncan’s syndrome (progressive infx mononuc)
Ataxia - Telangiectasia
177
Leukocyte/granulocyte/phagocyte deficiencies
LAD
CGD
Chediak-Higashi
Hyper-IgE (Job syndrome)
178
triad of skin lesions, seizures and MR
```
tuberous sclerosis
(imaging: intracranial nodules)
```
179
```
6 or more cafe au lait spots
lisch nodules (iris hamartoma)
```
NF 1
180
6 or more cafe au lait spots
| bilateral acoustic neuromas
NF 2
| von recklinghausen
181
portwine stain over trigeminal area
sturge weber
182
congenital heart defects assoc with:
Turner syndrome
Infant of a diabetic mother
DiGeorge syndrome
CoA
ToGA
Truncus arteriosus
183
head control is achieved at ___ months
6 months
184
assoc with HLA B27
Juvenile spondyloarthropathy
185
used to monitor disease activity in SLE nephritis
antidsDNA and C3
186
timing of typhoid isolates in blood, urine and stool
blood - “early”
| urine and stool - after 1st week
187
causative agent of LTB (viral croup)
parainfluenza virus
188
```
blood malignancy characterized by:
blueberry muffin lesions/nodules
gingival infiltration
chloroma
Auer Rods
```
adolescence
AML
