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Pediatric EOR exam > Pediatric Urology/Renal > Flashcards

Pediatric Urology/Renal Flashcards

1
Q

what is the expectation for cryptorchidism

A

testicles should spontaneously descend by 4-6 months

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2
Q

what would you do on PE for cryptorchidism

A

“milk” the testicle if youre having trouble finding it

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3
Q

what are the indications for referral for cryptochidism

A
  • bilaterally nonpalpable
  • unilaterally nonpalpable after 6 months
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4
Q

what is the treatment of cryptorchidism

A

surgery

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5
Q

what are the complications of cryptorchidism

A
  • infertility
  • testicular torsion
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6
Q

what are the s/s of acute cystitis in school aged kids

A
  • irritative voiding
  • suprapubic pain
  • hematuria
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7
Q

s/s of acute cystitis in preschool aged kids

A
  • abd pain
  • vomiting
  • fever
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8
Q

s/s of acute cystitis in infants

A
  • fever
  • hypothermia
  • irritability
  • FTT
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9
Q

etiology of acute cystitis

A

E. colii

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10
Q

how do you diagnose acute cystitis

A
  • UA
  • culture
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11
Q

when should you hospitalize a patient with a UTI

A
  • less than 2mo
  • toxic appearance
  • immunocompromised
  • lack of urine output
  • treatment failure
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12
Q

what is the treatment of acute cystitis

A
  • 3rd gen cephalosporin
  • 10 days for febrile
  • 3-5 days for no fever
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13
Q

what are the indications for Renal/bladder US in a UTI patient

A
  • younger than 2 with first febrile UTI
  • recurrent UTIs
  • family hx of renal issues
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14
Q

what are the indications for a voiding cystourethrogram

A
  • 2 or more febrile UTIs
  • first febrile UTI
  • any anomalies on renal US
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15
Q

what is vesicoureteral reflux

A

backflow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract

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16
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary vesicoureteral reflux

A
  • primary: due to incompetent or inadequate closure of ureterovesical junction
  • secondary: associated with anatomic or functional bladder obstruction
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17
Q

how do you diagnose vesicoureteral reflux

A

voiding cystourethrogram

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18
Q

How do you stage vesicoureteral reflux?

A
  • grade 1: into ureter
  • grade 2: into kidneys
  • grade 3: into kidneys, dilation of ureter
  • grade 4: into kidneys, dilation of ureter, mild blunting of renal calyces
  • grade 5: into kidneys, dilation of ureter, moderate to severe blunting of renal calyces
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19
Q

How do you treat vesicoureteral reflux

A
  • grade 1-2: watchful waiting
  • grade 3-4: antibiotic prophylaxis
  • grade 5: surgery
20
Q

what is enuresis

A

voiding in bed or on clothing that occurs at least twice per week for at least 3 consecutive months in a child who is at least 5 years old

21
Q

what are the 2 types of enuresis

A
  • diurnal-wetting in daytime
  • nocturnal passage of urine during nighttime
22
Q

what are the etiologies of nocturnal enuresis

A
  • ADH release at night
  • anatomic abnormalities
  • strong association with constipation
  • lesions of spinal cord results in neurogenic bladder
23
Q

what is the treatment of enuresis

A
  • alarm therapy
  • behavioral modifications
  • desmopressin
24
Q

what are the s/s of glomerulonephritis

A
  • HTN
  • edema
  • protein in urine
  • RBC casts
25
Q

what is immune complex deposition glomerulonephritis

A
  • when antigen excess over antibody production occurs
  • antigen-antibody complexes lodge into basement membrane causing destruction
26
Q

what is pauci-immune glomerulonephritis

A
  • cell mediated immune processes with no immune complexes or direct antibody binding
27
Q

what is anti-GBM associated acute glomerulonephritis

A

autoantibodies against the GBM

28
Q

what is goodpastures syndrome

A

Autoantibodies against alveolar and glomerular basement membrane proteins

29
Q

what is the treatment of glomerulonephritis

A

high dose steroids

30
Q

what is the difference between a communicating and non-communicating hydrocele

A
  • communicating: patent processus vaginalis where fluid flows into the tunica vaginalis
  • noncommunicating: processus vaginalis is closed and fluid is trapped
31
Q

what are the s/s of a hydrocele

A
  • transillumination
  • scrotal swelling
32
Q

what is the treatment for a hydrocele

A

supportive until 1-2 years and then surgery

33
Q

what is the etiology of hypospadias

A

disruption of the androgenic stimulation required for the development of the normal male genitalia

34
Q

what are the s/s of hypospadias

A

urethral meatus opens on the ventral side of the penis

35
Q

what is the management of hypospadias

A

delay circumcision and use skin to surgically repair

36
Q

what is the etiology of paraphimosis

A

foreskin is retracted and not replaced

37
Q

what are s/s or paraphimosis

A
  • flaccid proximal to paraphimosis
  • swelling of glans
  • pain
  • dysuria
38
Q

what is the treatment of paraphimosis

A
  • manual decompression
  • dorsal slit
  • puncture
39
Q

what is phimosis

A

foreskin is too scarred to retract

40
Q

what is the s/s of phimosis

A
  • irritation
  • bleeding
  • dysuria
  • painful erection
  • ballooning
41
Q

what is the treatment of phimosis

A
  • topical steroid cream
  • surgery (circumcision or dorsal slit)
42
Q

what is the etiology of testicular torsion

A
  • bell clapper deformity
  • twisting of the spermatic cord
43
Q

what are the s/s of testicular torsion

A
  • acute onset of severe scrotal pain
  • n/v
  • no cremasteric reflex
  • negative phren’s sign`
  • erythematous, edematous and tender
44
Q

how do you diagnose testicular torsion

A

doppler US

45
Q

what is the treatment of testicular torsion

A
  • manual detorsion
  • surgery

Pediatric EOR exam (20 decks)

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