Pediatric Development Flashcards
Describe the cephalic to caudal concept of development.
A person develops head and UE control prior to trunk and LE control. There is general skill acquisition from the direction of head to toe.
Describe the gross to fine concept of development.
A general trend for large muscle movement acquisition with progression to small muscle skill acquisition.
Describe the mass to specific concept of development.
A general trend for a person to acquire simple movements and progress towards complex movements.
Describe the proximal to distal concept of development.
A concept that uses the midline of the body as the reference point. Trunk control (midline stability) is acquired first with subsequent gain in distal control (extremities)
Describe the gross motor skill development for NEWBORN TO 1 MONTH old in prone, supine, sitting and standing.
- Prone: Physiological flexion, lifts head briefly, head to side
- Supine: Physiological flexion, rolls partly to side
- Sitting: Head lag in pull to sit
- Standing: Reflex standing and walking
Describe the fine motor skill development of a NEWBORN TO 1 MONTH OLD. (5)
- Regards object in direct line of sight
- Follow moving object to midline
- Hands fisted
- Arm movement jerky
- Movements may be purposeful or random
Describe the gross motor skill development for 2 TO 3 MONTHS old in prone and supine.
Prone: Lifts head 90 degrees briefly, chest up in prone with some WB through arms, rolls prone to supine
Supine: ATNR influence is strong, legs kick reciprocally, prefers head to side
Describe the gross motor skill development for 2 TO 3 MONTHS old in sitting and standing.
Sitting: head upright but bobbing, variable head lag in pull to sitting position, needs full support to sit
Standing: Poor weightbearing, hips in flexion behind shoulders
Describe the fine motor skill development of a 2 TO 3 MONTHS old. (5)
- Can see farther distances
- Hands open more
- Visually follows through 180 degrees
- Grasp is reflexive
- Uses palmar grasp
Describe the gross motor skill development for 4 TO 5 MONTHS old in prone and supine.
Prone: bears weight on extended arms, pivot in prone to reach toys
Supine: Rolls from side to side position
Describe the gross motor skill development for 4 TO 5 MONTHS old in sitting and standing.
Sitting: Head steady in supported sitting, turns head in sitting position, sits alone for brief periods
Standing: Bears all weight through legs in supported standing
Describe the fine motor skill development of a 4 TO 5 MONTHS old. (2)
- Grasps and releases toys
2. Uses ulnar-palmar grasp
Describe the gross motor skill development for 6 TO 7 MONTHS old in prone and supine.
Prone: Rolls from supine to prone, holds weight on one hand to reach toy
Supine: Lifts head
Describe the gross motor skill development for 6 TO 7 MONTHS old in sitting and standing.
Sitting: Lifts head and helps when pulled to sitting, gets to sitting position without assistance, sits independently
Standing: May crawl backward
Describe the fine motor skill development of a 6 TO 7 MONTHS old. (4)
- Approaches objects with one hand and neutral arm
- Radial-palmar grasp
- “Rakes” with fingers to pick up small objects
- Voluntary release to transfer objects between hands
Describe the gross motor skill development for 8 TO 9 MONTHS old in prone and supine.
Prone: Gets into hands and knees position
Supine: Does not tolerate supine position
Describe the gross motor skill development for 8 TO 9 MONTHS old in sitting, standing and mobility.
Sitting: moves from sitting to prone, sits without hand support for longer periods, pivots in sitting position
Standing: stands at furniture, pulls to stand at furniture, lowers to sitting position from supported stand
Mobility: crawls forward, walks along furniture (cruising)
Describe the fine motor skill development of a 8 TO 9 MONTHS old. (7)
- Develops active supination
- Radial digital grasp develops
- Uses inferior pincer grasp
- Extends wrist actively
- Points and pokes with index finger
- Release of objects is more refined
- Takes objects out of container
Describe the gross motor skill development for 10 TO 11 MONTHS old in standing and mobility.
Standing: stands without support briefly, pulls to stand using half kneel position, picks up object from floor with standing with support
Mobility: walks with both hands or one hand held, creeps on hands and feet (bear walk)
Describe the fine motor skill development of a 10 TO 11 MONTHS old. (3)
- Fine pincer grasp developed
- Puts objects into container
- Grasps crayon adaptively
Describe the gross motor skill development for 12 TO 15 MONTHS old. (6)
- Walks without support
- Fast walking
- Walks sideways
- Bends over to look between legs
- Creeps or hitches upstairs
- Throws ball in sitting
Describe the fine motor skill development of a 12 TO 15 MONTHS old. (3)
- Marks paper with crayon
- Builds tower using two cubes
- Turns over small container to obtain contents
Describe the gross motor skill development for 16 TO 24 MONTHS old. (6)
- Squats in play
- Walks backward
- Walking upstairs/downstairs with one hand held using both feet on step
- Propels ride on toys
- Kicks and throws ball
- Picks up toy from floor without falling
Describe the fine motor skill development of a 16 TO 24 MONTHS old. (5)
- Folds paper
- Strings beads
- Stacks 6 cubes
- Imitates vertical and horizontal strokes with crayon on paper
- Holds crayon with thumb and fingers
Describe the gross motor skill development for 2 YEARS old. (6)
- Rides tricycle
- Walks on tiptoes
- Runs on toes
- Walks downstairs alternating feet
- Catches large ball
- Hops on one foot
Describe the fine motor skill development for 2 YEARS old. (6)
- Turns knob
- Open and closes jar
- Able to button large buttons
- Uses child size scissors with help
- Does 12-15 piece puzzles
- Folds paper or clothes
Describe the gross motor skill development for 3 TO 4 YEARS old. (7)
- Throws ball 10 feet
- Walks on a line 10 feet
- Hops 2-10 times on one foot
- Jumps distance of up to 2ft
- Jumps over obstacles up to 12 inches
- Throws and catches small ball
- Runs fast and avoids obstacles
Describe the fine motor skill development for 3 TO 4 YEARS old. (7)
- Controls crayons more effectively
- Copies a circle or a cross
- Matches colors
- Cuts with scissors
- Draws recognizable human figures with head and 2 extremities
- Draws squares
- May demonstrate hand preference
Describe the gross motor skill development for 5 TO 8 YEARS old. (7)
- Skips on alternate feet
- Gallops
- Can play hopscotch, balance on one foots, controlled hopping, and squatting on one leg
- Jumps with rhythm and control (jump rope)
- Bounces large ball
- Kicks ball with greater control
- Limbs growing faster than trunk, allowing greater speed and leverage
Describe the fine motor skill development for 5 TO 8 YEARS old. (3)
- Hand preference is evident
- Prints well, starting to learn cursive writing
- Able to button small buttons
Describe the gross motor skill development for 9 TO 12 YEARS old. (5)
- Mature patterns of movement in throwing, jumping and running
- Competition increases, enjoys competitive games
- Improved balance, coordination, endurance and attention span
- Boys may develop preadolescent fat spurt
- Girls may develop prepubescent and pubescent changes in body shape (hips/breasts)
Describe the fine motor skill development for 9 TO 12 YEARS old. (3)
- Develops larger control in hand usage
- Learns to draw
- Handwriting is developed
Describe the gross motor skill development for 13+ YEARS old. (3)
- Rapid growth in size and strength, boys more than girls
- Puberty leads to changes in body proportions, COG rises towards shoulders for boys and lowers to hips for girls
- Balance and coordination skills, eye hand coordination, endurance may plateau during growth spurt
Describe the fine motor skill development for 13+ YEARS old. (1)
Develops greater dexterity in fingers for fine tasks (knitting, sewing, arts and crafts)
What is gestational age?
Age of fetus or newborn, in weeks, from first day of mother’s last normal menstrual period
Normal gestational period is 38-42 weeks.
Premature infants = < 37 weeks gestational age
When is an infant considered premature?
Birth of an infant before 37 weeks gestation
