Central Nervous System Flashcards
What is the largest division of the human brain?
Telencephalon
What structures make up the telencephalon?
Cerebrum
Hippocampus
Basal ganglia
Amygdala
What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
What fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
Medial longitudinal fissure
What structures does the Sylvian fissure separate?
Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes laterally?
Central sulcus
What sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
What sulcus separates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves?
Calcarine sulcus
What hemisphere houses Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?
Left hemisphere
List 8 functions of the frontal lobe.
Voluntary movement Intellect/Orientation Broca’s area Personality Judgement Temper Self Awareness Executive function
What is the function of Broca’s area?
Speech
Concentration
What are 7 impairments associated with damage to the frontal lobe?
Contralateral weakness Preservation, inattention Personality changes Impaired concentration, apathy Broca’s aphasia (expressive deficits) Delayed or poor initiation Emotional lability
List 5 functions of the parietal lobe.
Sensation (touch, kinesthesia, vibration, temperature)
Receives info from other parts of the brain regarding the 5 senses and memory
Provides meaning for objects
Interprets language and words
Spatial and visual perception
List 5 impairments associated with damage to the parietal lobe.
Dominant hemisphere: Agraphia, alexia, agnosia
Non-dominant hemisphere: dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia
Contralateral sensory deficits
Impaired language comprehension
Impaired taste
List 3 functions of the temporal lobe.
Primary auditory processing and olfaction
Wernicke’s area
Interpretation of other people’s emotions and reactions
What is the function of Wernicke’s area? What lobe of the brain is is located in?
Functions: ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory, assists with understanding language
Located in the temporal lobe
List 5 impairments associated with damage to the temporal lobe.
Learning deficits Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive deficits) Antisocial aggressive behaviors Difficulty with facial recognition, memory, memory loss Inability to categorize objects
List 3 functions of the occipital lobe.
Main processing center for visual information (colors, light, shapes)
Judgement of distance
Seeing in three dimensions
List 5 impairments associated damage to the occipital lobe.
Homonymous hemianopsia
Impaired extra-ocular muscle movement and visual deficits
Impaired color recognition
Reading and writing impairment
Cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement
What lobe is the hippocampus located in? What is the function of the hippocampus?
Located in the temporal lobe
Function: forming and storing new memories (declarative memory)
List 5 structures that make up the basal ganglia.
Caudate Putamen Globes pallidus Substantia nigra Subthalamic nuclei
List 5 functions that the basal ganglia regulate.
Voluntary movement Regulation of autonomic movement Posture Muscle tone Control of motor responses
Where is the amygdala located? What is its function?
Located in the temporal lobe
Function: emotional and social processing
What is the function of the thalamus? What condition can arise as a result of damage to the thalamus?
Function: Relays and processes sensory and motor information from the cerebral cortex to the other parts of the brain
Thalamic Pain Syndrome = spontaneous pain on the Contralateral side of the body to the thalamic lesion
List 3 functions of the hypothalamus.
Receives and integrates information from the ANS
Regulates hormones
Controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and sleeping
What is the function of the subthalamus?
Regulates movements produced by skeletal muscles
What structure is located in the epithalamus? What is its function?
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin and regulates circadian rhythm
List 4 functions of the cerebellum.
Coordination and balance
Fine tuning of movement
Maintain posture
Controls ability to perform rapid alternating movements
List 6 impairments associated with lesions to the cerebellum.
Ataxia Nystagmus Tremor Hypermetria Poor coordination Balance deficits
List the 2 functions of the pons.
Regulate respiration rate
Orientation of the head in relation to auditory and visual stimuli
What cranial nerves originate at the pons?
V-VIII
List 3 functions of the medulla oblongata.
Regulation of respiratory and heart rate
Reflex centers for vomiting, coughing and sneezing
Control of arousal and sleep
What cranial nerves originate from the medulla oblongata?
IX-XII
