Motor Control and Motor Learning Flashcards
What is the difference between motor learning and motor control?
Motor control = study of the nature of movement; the ability to regulate or direct essential movement
Motor learning = study of the acquisition or modification of movement
What is Adam’s closed loop theory of motor learning?
Premise of sensory feedback as an ongoing process for the nervous system to compare current movement with stored information on memory of past movement; high emphasis on the concept of practice.
What is Schmidt’s schema theory of motor learning?
Main construct relies on the open loop control process and a motor program concept; promotes clinical values of feedback and importance of variation in practice
What are the 3 stages of motor learning?
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
What is the cognitive stage of motor learning? (2)
- Initial stage of learning where there is a high concentration or conscious processing of information
- Learner develops an understanding of the task
List 4 characteristics of the cognitive stage of motor learning.
- Large amounts of errors
- Inconsistent attempts and performance
- Repetition of effort allows for improvement in strategies
- High degree of cognitive work: listening, observing and processing feedback
What is the associative stage of motor learning?
The learner has determined a strategy; practices it and makes adjustments in how the motor skill is performed
List 5 characteristics of the associative stage of motor learning.
- Decreased errors with new skill performance
- Decreased need for concentration and cognition regarding the activity
- Skill refinement
- Increased coordination of movement
- Large amount of practice yields refinement of the motor program surrounding the activity
What is the autonomous stage of motor learning?
The learner has practice the motor skill to the extent that the performance becomes largely automatic
List 6 characteristics of the autonomous stage of motor learning.
- Automatic response
- Mainly error free regardless of environment
- Distraction does not impact the activity
- Can perform more than one task if needed
- Extrinsic feedback should be very limited or not provided
- Internal feedback or self assessment should be dominant
What is intrinsic (inherent) feedback?
Represents all feedback that comes to the person through sensory systems as a result of movement including visual ,vestibular, proprioceptive, and somatosensory inputs.
What is extrinsic (augmented) feedback?
Represents the information that can be provided while a task or movement is in progress or subsequent to movement. Typically in the form of verbal feedback or manual contacts.
What are 2 types of extrinsic feedback?
Knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance
What is the difference between knowledge of results and knowledge of performance?
Knowledge of results: terminal feedback regarding the outcome of movement that has been performed in relation to the movement’s goals
Knowledge of performance: feedback that relates to the actual movement pattern that someone used to achieve their goal of movement
What is the difference between massed and distributed practice?
Massed: the practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials
Distributed: the amount of rest time between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of practice time for each trial
What is the difference between constant and variable practice?
Constant: practice of a given task under a uniform condition
Variable: practice of a given task under differing conditions
What is the difference between random and blocked practice?
Random: varying practice among different tasks
Blocked: consistent practice of a single task
What is the difference between whole and part task training?
Whole: practice of an entire task
Part: practice of an individual component or selected component of a task.
What is compensation?
Ability to utilize alternate motor and sensory strategies due to an impairment that limits the normal completion of the task
What is habituation?
The decrease in response that will occur as a result of consistent exposure to non-painful stimuli
What is the difference between associative and non-associative learning?
Non-associative: a single repeated stimulus (habituation, sensitization)
Associative: gaining an understanding of the relationship between two stimuli (classical conditioning/operant conditioning)
What is the difference between procedural and declarative learning?
Procedural: learning tasks that can be performed without attention or concentration to the task; a task is learned by forming movement habits
Declarative: requires attention, awareness, and reflection in order to attain knowledge that can be consciously recalled (mental practice)
What is Neuromuscular Development Treatment (NDT)?
- Developed by Karl and Berta Bobath
- Recognizes that interference of normal function leads to a slowing down or cessation of motor development an the inhibition or righting/equilibrium reactions and automatic movements.
NDT: What is the difference between facilitation and inhibition?
Facilitation: a technique used to elicit voluntary muscular contraction
Inhibition: a technique used to decrease excessive tone or movement
What did Brunnstrom encourage in stroke rehabilitation?
The immediate practice of synergy patterns and subsequently developing combinations of movement patterns outside of the synergy.
What is a synergy?
Primitive movement patterns that occur at the spinal cord level as a result of the hierarchal organization of the CNS.
What is an associated reaction?
A involuntary and automatic movement of a body part as a result of an intentional active or resistive movement in another body part.
What is homolateral synkinesis?
A flexion pattern of the involved UE facilitates flexion of the involved LE.
What is Raimiste’s phenomenon?
The involved LE will abduct or adduct with applied resistance to the uninvolved LE in the same direction
What is Souques’ phenomenon?
Raising the involved UE above 100 degrees with elbow extension with produce extension and abduction of the fingers.
What did Rood believe with regards to motor learning? (3)
- Believed that all motor output was the result of both past and present sensory input
- Movement is automatic and noncognitive
- Use sensory stimulation to achieve motor output during treatment
List 8 facilitation techniques used for sensory stimulation.
Approximation Joint compression Icing Light touch Quick stretch Resistance Tapping Traction
List 4 inhibition techniques used for sensory stimulation.
Deep pressure
Prolonged stretch
Warmth
Prolonged cold
List and describe the 4 levels of motor control.
- Mobility: ability to initiate movement through functional ROM
- Stability: ability to maintain position/posture through contraction and tonic holding around a joint.
- Controlled mobility: ability to move within a WB position or rotate a long axis (i.e. weight shifting in quadruped)
- Skill: ability to consistently perform functional tasks and manipulate the environment with normal posture reflex mechanisms and balance reactions.
