Neuroanatomy Flashcards
What are alternative names for the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?
Forebrain = prosencephalon Midbrain= mesencephalon Hindbrain = rhombencephalon
What 2 divisions make up the prosencephalon?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
What 2 divisions make up the mesencephalon?
Tectum
Tegmentum
What 2 divisions make up the rhombencephalon?
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
What 4 structures can be found in the telencephalon?
Cerebrum
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Basal ganglia
What 4 structures can be found in the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
Where are the superior and inferior colliculi housed?
Tectum
What structures lie in the tectum?
Superior and inferior colliculi
What 5 structures can be found in the tegmentum?
Cerebral aqueduct Periaqueductal gray matter Reticular formation Substantia Nigra Red nucleus
What structure is affected in patients with Parkinson’s disease and where is this structure located in the brain?
Substantia nigra
Located in the tegmentum of the mesencephalon (midbrain)
What 2 structures can be found in the metencephalon?
Cerebellum
Pons
What area of the brain are the cerebellum and pons located?
Metencephalon
What structure is located in the myelencephalon?
Medulla oblongata
A patient comes into the clinic with ataxia. What brain structure is likely impacted and where is this structure located in the brain?
Cerebellum is likely impacted
Located in the metencephalon of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
What structures make up the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
What structure is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata?
Brainstem
What are the inner and outer cores of the spinal cord made of?
Inner core = gray matter
Outer core = white matter
Where is information integrated in the brain?
Gray matter
What structures does the gray matter contain? (5)
Unmyelinated neurons Capillaries Cell bodies Dendrites Glial cells
What structures does the white matter contain?
Myelinated axons
Nerve fibers without dendrites
What structures make up the PNS?
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Ganglia/Plexuses
How many cranial nerves are there? Where do they exit?
12 nerves
Exit the skull via the foramina
How many spinal nerves are there? Where do they exit?
31 spinal nerves: 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
Exit the spine via the intervertebral foramina
How do spinal nerves relay sensory and motor information?
Via the anterior and posterior roots
Anterior root carries MOTOR information AWAY from the CNS (efferent fibers)
Posterior root carries SENSORY information TOWARDS the CNS (afferent fibers)
What root are the afferent fibers associated with? What information do they carry?
Sensory information via the posterior root
What root are the efferent fibers associated with? What information do they carry?
Motor information via the anterior root
What structure gives rise to central and peripheral nerve fibers?
Ganglia
What are ganglia?
Clusters of cells that give rise to central and peripheral nerve fibers
What nervous system is associated with sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the purpose of the sympathetic NS? What kind of response does it produce?
Prepare the body for emergency response (to stress)
Produces a stimulating response
What is the purpose of the parasympathetic NS? What kind of response does it produce?
Conserves and restores energy (homeostasis)
Produces an inhibitory response
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter associated with which division of the ANS?
Parasympathetic
Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter associated with which division of the ANS?
Sympathetic
What neurotransmitter is associated with the sympathetic NS?
Norepinephrine
What neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic NS?
Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitters are primarily associated with the ANS?
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Which nervous system influences all 5 senses?
Somatic NS
The somatic NS consists of _____ and _____ nerve fibers.
Peripheral
Motor
What type of nerve fibers send sensory information to the CNS?
Peripheral
Where do motor nerve fibers send information to?
Skeletal muscle
What NS is responsible for controlling voluntary movement?
Somatic NS
What is the primary function of the autonomic NS?
Control response to stress and maintain homeostasis
What is the primary function of the somatic NS?
Control voluntary movements and the ability to sense touch, smell, sight, taste and sound (5 senses)
What system is primarily responsible for the expression of mood and emotion?
Limbic system
What are 5 functions of the limbic system?
- Expression of mood and emotion
- Emotional response to food
- Olfaction
- Processing and storage of recent memory
- Control of appetite
A lesion to what structure may result in aggression, extreme fearfulness, altered sexual behavior and changes in motivation?
Limbic system
What behaviors may arise as a result of a lesion to the limbic system?
- Aggression
- Extreme fearfulness
- Altered sexual behavior
- Change in motivation
Constipation is a disorder of what nervous system?
ANS
