pe - anatomy Flashcards

Question

Venous return

Answer 1

During rest: blood returns to heart easily During exercise: Demand for oxygenated blood increases, requiring greater volume/speed of venous return

Answer 2

Gravity Muscle pump (exercise only) Respiratory pump (exercise only) Smooth muscle Pocket valve

Answer 3

Inspiration: 1. Diaphragm lowers and contracts (External intercostals contract) 2. Diaphragm flattens- Ribs/Sternum up and out 3. Thoracic cavity volume increases 4. Lung air pressure decreases below atmospheric air 5. Air rushes into lungs Expiration: 1. Diaphragm relaxes (External intercostals passively relax) 2. Diaphragm pushes upwards - Ribs/Sternum move down and in 3. Thoracic cavity volume decreases 4. Lung air pressure increases above atmospheric air 5. Air is exhaled

Answer 4

Inspiration: 1. Diaphragm lowers and contracts FASTER (External intercostals contract) 2. Diaphragm flattens WITH MORE FORCE- Ribs/Sternum up and out 3. Thoracic cavity volume increases MORE 4. Lung air pressure decreases FASTER below atmospheric air 5. MORE Air rushes into lungs Expiration: 1. Diaphragm relaxes (External intercostals passively relax) 2. Diaphragm pushes upwards FASTER - Ribs/Sternum move in and down 3. Thoracic cavity volume decreases FASTER 4. Lung air pressure increases FASTER above atmospheric air 5. MORE Air is exhaled, INCREASED breathing rate

Answer 5

Gravity: Blood from above heart is aided by gravity to return back to heart Muscle Pump: (Only during exercise) veins are situated between muscles, muscles contract and relax to help to squeeze blood towards heart Respiratory Pump: (Only during exercise) you breath faster and deeper during exercise, abdomen pressure helps to push blood back to heart Smooth muscle: Layers of smooth muscle in veins helps to push blood towards heart Pocket valves: One way valves to prevent back flow

Answer 6

What can be used as resistance? - Free weights - Body weight - Bands etc. Resistance: Based on % of performers one rep max Repetitions: Time exercise is repeated/lifted Sets: Series of repetitions and rest periods Work to rest ratios: Volume of relief to work

Answer 7

Physological make-up : Efficiency of respiratory and cardiovascular system, more haemoglobin means more blood can be transported Age: From early 20s (peak) VO2 max declines 1% yearly Gender: Females have between 15 and 30% lower V02 max than same group of males Training: Completing aerobic training will increased VO2 max by 10-20%

Answer 8

- Series of explosive movements at speed - Muscles generate greater force of contraction (Creates concentric contraction after an eccentric one) - Eccentric contractions stores elastic energy to create more powerful concentric contraction - Stretch reflex is initiated and more motor units are recruited - prevent working muscles being overstretched

Answer 9

- Cones set up 5 metres apart - 400m track - Run has far as possible in 12 minutes - Distance compared to VO2 max table Advantages: - Cheap/quick to do - Easy set up Disadvantages: - Can be boring/tedius - Inaccurate (Doesn't consider gender)

Answer 10

- Run for 10 minutes - Every minute, incline is increased until exhaustion - Computer analyses O2 inspired/expired during test Advantages: - Very accurate - Shows progress easily Disadvantages: - Requires specialist equipment (expensive) - Not real life environment

Answer 11

- "Step up step down" - Test resting HR per min and before test - Take HR after the test Advantages: - Compares to gender - Requires little equipment Disadvantages: - Step remains the same height - Can be tedious - Only sub max test

Answer 12

- Participants run 20m shuttles back and forth - Speed of bleeps increase every 8 bleeps (160m) - Level reached is compared to table Advantages: - Easy to do/set up - Lots of people at once Disadvantages: - People may cheat of lie about that they achieved

Answer 13

Identify and maintain correct intensity training in order to gain adaptations 80-90% - Anaerobic Zone 50-70% - Aerobic Zone -50% - Low intensity Zone (Unlikely to progress cardiovascular or muscular capability)

Answer 14

Maximum times a person's heart can contract in one minute. Can vary based on genetics, lifestyle, health, training and diet Calculation: 220 - Age (estimation)

Answer 15

Maximal: Maximal amount of force in one muscular contraction Explosive: Maximal amount of force in one or a series of rapid muscular contractions Endurance: Sustain repeated muscular contractions over a period of time, withstanding fatigue Dynamic: Force applied against a resistance and the muscles change length Static: Force applied against resistance without movement occurring

Answer 16

Cross-sectional area: The greater the cross-sectional area of the muscle, the greater the strength there is a 16-30N of force per square cm of muscle Fibre Type: Greater % of FG and FOG, the greater the strength over a short period of time. Fast twitch fibres=large motor neurones=more force in one contraction Gender: Males have more testosterone, which makes them stronger than females. When strength is expressed per unit of cross-sectional area, this difference in gender disappears Age: Peak strength males 18-30 females, 16-25 due to a decrease in efficiency of euro-muscular system, testosterone and elasticity which leads to a reduction in muscle mass

Answer 17

Ability to respire, transport and utilise O2 to perform sustained periods of activity

Answer 18

- Maximum volume of O2 inspired, transported and utilised per minute during 'exhaustive' exercise. - Higher % of inspiration before fatigue = higher VO2

Answer 19

Muscular/Connective tissue: - Muscular hypertrophy/hyperplasm - Increased contraction force and FG fibres - Increased number/size of proteins and myofibres - Increased protein synthesis/myofibre thickness - Increased tendon/ligament strength - Increased hint stability and decreased chance of injury Neural Pathways: - Increased recruitment of motor unit/FG/FOG fibres - Increased force of contraction - improved coordination - Decreased inhibition of stretch reflex - Increased force from agonist and decreased force from antagonist

Answer 20

Tell us: - Where force is originates from - Size of each force and their direction - Allows net force to be considered

Answer 21

Acts downwards - gravitational force that the earth exerts on a body. Always present from the body's COM

Answer 22

Equal and opposite force exerted by a body in response to an action in N

Answer 23

Point at where a body is balanced in all directions - from where weight begins to act Near the naval when in the anatomical position, dependant on the distribution of body mass

Answer 24

Double the length of reaction force arrow. If weight is equal to reaction and the body remains at rest

Answer 25

Arrows parallel to surface.

Answer 26

Force that opposes motion of a surface in contact (N) Effecting factors: - Roughness of ground surface: Rougher = More grip - Roughness of contact surface: Same applies^ - Temperature: Hotter ground or contact surface = more friction - Size of normal reaction: Increased reaction force = more friction

Answer 27

Force that opposes motion through the air (N) Effecting factors: - Velocity: + velocity = +air resistance - Shape: + aerodynamic = less air resistance - Frontal cross-sectional area: Adopting a low crouched position will reduce air resistance - Smoothness of surface: Smoother the surface = less air resistance

Answer 28

- Study of movements and time taken to carry out the movements - (Reflective markers placed on the body and data is timed and transferred to digital analysis) Advantages: - Make changes to technique - Examine movements causing injury - Investigate impact of equipment on technique Disadvantages: - Equipment = expensive - Lack game situation (environment controlled) - Results don't account for individual differences

Answer 29

Platforms that measures all force applied when performers stand/step/jump on it. Measures ground reaction force vertically and horizontally Advantages: - Fast and accurate results - Gait analysis - Take off/landing techniques - Results can help plan training programmes Disadvantages: - Equipment is expensive - Lab conditions make it difficult to perform techniques as the plates are too small

Answer 30

Chamber in which air is forced. A body is laced in the tunnel and it measures the air around them Advantages: - Can be used to represent game situations - Individual pieces of equipment can be tested - Investigate aerodynamics and new techniques Disadvantages: - The equipment needed is expensive - The test cannot completely mimic the game situation as they vary

Answer 31

What is it? Ability of a body to resist motion and withstand force applied and return to their original position without damage Factors effecting it: - Mass of body: Greater the mass, greater the inertia - Height of COM: Lower the COM the more stability - Base of support: Greater base or number of contact points, the more stable - Line of gravity: The more central the line of gravity is, the more stable When is less stability beneficial: - Changing direction: Moving the line of gravity outside of the body - Rotating - Range of motion

Answer 32

Push or pull that alters the state of motion of a moving body in N

Answer 33

Forces that come from outside a body and act upon it

Answer 34

Sum of all forces acting on a body when all individual forces have been considered

Answer 35

Muscles contract but they remain the same length so there is no motion

Answer 36

When net force is 0, no change in motion, either at constant velocity or at rest

Answer 37

Net force is present, body will accelerate/decelerate or change direction

Answer 38

- Reduces O2 transport through the haemoglobin to the working muscles - Increased HR to compensate - Increased blood flow may lead to blood pooling - Increased strain on the system - Decrease in blood volume

Answer 39

Pre - Athletes must acclimatise to the temperature for 14 days or more and keep hydrated During - Pacing of exercise and clothing must be suitable and they must continue to hydrate Post - Athletes must hydrate and cooling aids should be used e.g. ice baths

Answer 40

Process that allows the body to maintain core body temperature (37 degrees)

Answer 41

Detect changes in body temperature

Answer 42

Upwards drift in HR during sustained steady state activity associated with an increase in body temperature. Because muscular contractions leads to more heat, this is directed to the skin

Answer 43

More sweat. Rise in core body temperature, may result in the body experiencing hypothermia

Answer 44

Energy: Capacity to perform, work and exist Chemical - Found in food Potential stores - Energy stored in muscles Kinetic - Occurs when muscles move

Answer 45

Ring of smooth muscle the end of the capillaries - constrict and dilate to control blood flow

Answer 46

'Hole' in the middle of a vessel

Answer 47

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Thick strong elastic walls for high pressure

Answer 48

Distributed oxygenated blood from arteries to body tissues and feed deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the veins

Answer 49

Carry deoxygenated blood (except from pulmonary vein) back to the heart. Large lumen and pocket valves

Answer 50

Contribute to maintaining arterial pressure. They connect blood vessels (capillaries)

Answer 51

Smallest veins, receive blood from the capillaries

Answer 52

1. Diastole occurs 2. The SA node initiates an impulse which travels across the atria causing them to contract an blood is forced actively into the ventricles, this is called atrial systole 3. The AV node then delays the impulse allowing the atria to fully contract and finish emptying 4. The impulse is then sent along the bundle of HIS and the purkinje fibres (around the ventricles) 5. This caused ventricles to contract (ventricular systole) and forces blood out the heart via the arteries 6. Diastole occurs again (it repeats)

Answer 53

Sympathetic: Stimulates HR to increase Parasympathetic: Returns HR to resting values

Answer 54

Body temperature: - Exercise increases body temp - Which increases nerve transmission - Reduces blood viscosity - Increases HR Venous return: - Increases during exercise - Cardiac muscle stretch is increased - Force of ventricular contraction is larger - Stroke volume increases

Answer 55

Proprioceptors: In the muscles, detect motor movements during exercise Chemoreceptors: Detect increase in CO2 and lactic acid and decrease in O2 (changes in the bloodstream) Baroreceptors: Located in the aorta, detect an increase in blood pressure 1. Send impulses to the CCC 2. Via sympathetic nervous system 3. Via the accelerator nerve 4. This increases stimulation of SA node 5. Which increase HR

Answer 56

Adrenaline and Non-adrenaline: Both released from the adrenal glands - Increases force of ventricular contraction and - Increases spread of electrical impulses through heart - Hormonal control signals go straight to the SA node

Answer 57

Oxygenated: Blood that is saturated with O2 and nutrients Deoxygenated:Blood that is not saturated with O2 but with CO2

Answer 58

Systole: The contraction phase of cardiac muscle where blood is ejected with force into the aorta and pulmonary artery Diastole: The relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where the chambers fill with blood

Answer 59

Pulmonary circuit: - Deoxygenated blood to lungs - Oxygenated blood to heart Systemic circuit: - Oxygenated blood to muscles - Deoxygenated blood to heart

Answer 60

1. Brain detects stimulus 2. Nerve impulse is conducted down axon of motor neurone (by nerve action potential) to synaptic clef 3. Neurotransmitter is secreted in to conduct nerve impulse across gap 4. If electrical charge is above threshold, muscle fibre will contract 5. Happens in 'all or nothing' fashion - muscles will only contract if stimulus is above threshold

Answer 61

Motor unit: Motor neuron and muscle fibres stimulated by its axon Motor neuron: Nerve cell which conducts nerve impulse to group of muscle fibres

Answer 62

- Positive electrical charge inside nerve and muscle cells which - Conducts nerve impulse down neuron and into muscle fibres

Answer 63

- Chemical produced and secreted by a neuron - Transmits nerve impulse across synaptic clef to muscle fibre

Answer 64

Bursae: - Flattened fibrous sack - Prevents friction Meniscus: - Wedge of fibrous cartilage - Improves fit at bone ends Pad of fat: - Fatty pad between bone/muscle - Cushioning for fibrous capsule

Answer 65

Eccentric: Muscle lengthens when contracts Concentric: Muscle shortens when contacts

Answer 66

Agonist: Muscle responsible for cheating the movement Antagonist: Muscle that provides resistance for coordinating movement

Answer 67

Transverse: Passes through the middle of the body, divides body into top and bottom half Movement - Rotation Frontal: Passes from side to side through the body, divides the body into front and back halves Movement - Abduction/Adduction Saggital: Passes through the middle of the body and divides the body into left and right Movement - Flexion and extension

Answer 68

Slightly moveable: Provides a bit of movement e.g. joint between vertebrae Immoveable: No movement, it is stable e.g. joints between the cranium Synovial: Moves freely, it's the least stable e.g. shoulder/hip joint

Answer 69

Long: Longer than they are wide e.g. Femur Short: As short as they are wide e.g. Phalanges Flat: Flatter the they are wide e.g. Cranium Irregular: Don't fit into another category e.g. Patella Sesamoid: Short bones within a tendon e.g. vertebrae

Answer 70

Appendicular: Help create movement Axial: Protect organs

Answer 71

Ligaments: - Tough band of elastic tissue - Connects bone to bone - Stability Synovial fluid: - Lubricating tissue in cavity - Reduces friction - Nourishes cavity Articular cartilage: - Covers surface of the articulating bone - Absorbs shocks - Allows movement Joint Capsule: - Fibrous sack - inner synovial membrane - Encloses/strengthens joint - Secretes synovial fluid

Answer 72

Condyloid: Allows you to flex and extend joint and move side to side e.g. wrist Ball and Socket: Made of a round end of one joint that fits into another, allows movement in almost every direction e.g. shoulder Hinge: Allows flexion and extension in only one direction e.g. knee Pivot: Allows only rotation at the joint e.g. Joint between the radius and the ulna Gliding: Allows movements between flatter surfaces e.g. joints between vertebrae

Answer 73

Protection: For organs Blood cells: transports O2, fights disease, blood cells are produced in the bone marrow Calcium/Phosphurus: To increase bone density and transmit signals Movements: Occurs at the joint due to tendons allows range of movement (flexibility) Shape: Gives us our general structure

Answer 74

Heart rate: (BPM) Number of times the heart beats per minute Stroke volume: (ML) Volume of blood ejected from the heart (ventricles) in each beat Cardiac output: (L/MIN) Volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute Cardiac Output = Stroke volume x Heart Rate

Answer 75

Resistance of a body to change it's state of motion whether at rest or moving

Answer 76

Rate of change in displacement often used to describe speed in the direction of travel

Answer 77

A push or pull that alters the state of a body

Answer 78

Quantity of motion possessed by a moving body

Answer 79

Rate of change in velocity

Answer 80

Generated and applied by a body to the ground/object

Answer 81

Equal and opposite force that is generated by the ground or object back to the athlete

Answer 82

A body will continue in a state of rest or uniform velocity unless acted upon by an external or unbalanced force

Answer 83

A body's rate of change in momentum is proportional to the size and direction as the force is applied

Answer 84

For every force applied to a body, there is a equal and opposite reaction force

Answer 85

Study of human movement and the effect of force and motion on a performer - Prevent injury - Improve/Analyse performance - Maximise efficiency/technique - Equipment to satisfy activity demand

Answer 86

Organised division of training into specific blocks, each block is known as a cycle and has a specific goal and time frame

Answer 87

Preparation phase: Pre-season - General conditioning - Overload to increase intensity - Focus of training session Competition phase: Competition-season - Training load reduces with rest days - Fitness is maintained but avoid injury - Strategies and tactics are discussed Transition phase: Post-season - Active rest/recuperation - Low intensity work ready for preparation again

Answer 88

Type of joint: Ball an socket joint Length of connective tissue: Longer connective tissue = wider range of flexibility Age: Older = less flexibility due to a decrease (elasticity) Gender: Oestrogen allows more flexibility in females Benefits of flexibility: - Reduced risk of injury - Improved posture/alignment - Performance enhancement - Reduction of DOMS

Answer 89

Flexibility: Range of movement at a joint Dynamic: Range of movement with reference to movement e.g. split jump Static: (active and positive) Range of movement without reference to movement Static active: Completing a movement voluntarily to move a joint just beyond it's point of resistance and requires strength of opposing muscle groups to hold a limb in place Static positive: Assistance by a partner/aid to move the joint just beyond its point of resistance

Answer 90

Hard Tissue: (stress fracture) Tiny crack in the bone surface, usually caused by fatigue caused by overtraining/intensity overload Soft Tissue: (shin splints) Overuse of the tibias anterior.Most common type is MTSS caused by being overweight/poor footwear/equip Soft Tissue: (Tendinosis) Deteration of the tendon collagen as a result of chronic overuse, can be a result of injuries not being given time to heal. Symptoms - Burning, aches, sting

Answer 91

Hard tissue: (Fracture) Particular complete break, result of direct/indirect force resulting in pain, deformity, swelling Hard tissue: (Dislocation) When a bone is displaced from its original position. Pain, swelling, loss of movement. Soft tissue: (Contusion/Haematoma) Contusion is an area of skin/tissue where blood vessels have ruptured, deep tissue damage is haematoma - localised congealed bleeding from the tissue Soft tissue: (Strain) Damage (overstretch/tear) to the muscle fibres/tendon. Usually occurs during dynamic/explosive movements Soft tissue: (Sprain) Damage (Overstretch/tear) to the ligaments. Often as a result of a twist or false beyond range of movement Soft tissue: (Concussion) Traumatic brain injury resulting in disturbance (headaches/loss of balance/nausea)

Answer 92

Physiotherapy: Physical treatment of injuries or disease using methods e.g. mobilisation, massive, postural training and exercise therapy Non-steroid, anti inflammatory drugs: Medication taken to reduce inflammation temperature and pain Massage: Physical therapy used for injury prevention and soft tissue injury treatment Heat Therapy: Applying heat to an area before training (increasing blood flow) Cold Therapy: Applying ice to the injury (reduces swelling) Contrast therapy: Applying hot and cold Arthroscopy: Minimally invasive procedure to both examine and to repair damage within a joint Surgery: Open-surgery

Answer 93

Process of restoring full function after an injury has occurred Aims - Restore strength - Restore endurance - Restore Flexibility - Restore Speed Early Stage: gentle exercise, encouraging the damaged tissue to heal Mid-stage: Progressive overload of the connective tissue and bones to develop strength Late Stage: Functional exercise to ensure the body is ready to return to training

Answer 94

For immediate response to injury S- Stop: Stop the game and observe the injury A- Ask: Ask questions about it e.g. when, where? L- Look: Search for signs e.g. swelling/bruising T- Touch: Palpate the area to identify painful regions A- Active Movement: See unassisted movement P- Passive Movement: Move it - range of movement S- Strength Test: Ask them to send/lift/bare weight

Answer 95

For concussion 1. Recognise: Should be aware of the symptoms/signs 2. Remove: If a player has/is suspected of having concussion they must be removed immediately 3. Refer: To a qualified health professional 4. Rest: From exercise until they are symptom free and should have company for the first 24 hours 5. Recover: Must be fully ready/ symptom free, adults must have one week out, two for children 6. Return: Written authorisation and complete graduated return to protocal

Answer 96

For soft tissue injuries P- Protect: From further injuries R- Rest: For 2/3 days, may need crutches I- Ice: To help reduce swelling for 15-20 minutes C- Compress: With elasticated bandaged etc. E- Elevate: Above heart level to keep supported

Answer 97

- ATP has three phosphate molecules - ATPase takes one of them (leaving just two) - This causes a release of energy (exothermic) - This changes ATP into ADP - The store of ATP in the muscle cell is exhausted quickly (2-3 seconds)

Answer 98

Type: Anaerobic Fuel: Phosphocreatine (PC) Site: (Muscle) Sarcopasm Enzyme: Creatine Kinase (CK) Yield: 1:1 Process: Phosphocreatine is broken down into phosphate and creatine and energy is released Products: None Advantages: - Simple compound so rapid reaction to break it down - Doesn't require O2 so it is fast. No by-products - Provides high intensity explosive energy - Fuel (PC) is stored in the muscles - easily available - PC is quickly resynthesised (No delay) Disadvantages: - Small amounts of ATP/PC stored in muscles and cells - Provides energy to resynthesise ATP for 8-10 seconds - Leads to rapid fatigue after 8-10 seconds - Low ATP yeild

Answer 99

Type; Anaerobic Fuel: Glycogen Site: (Muscle) Sarcoplasm Enzyme: PFK Yield: 1:2 ATP Process: Glycogen>Glucose>Pyruvic acid>Lactic acid Products: Lactic acid Intensity: High Intensity Duration: 10 seconds to 3 minutes Advantages: - Large glycogen stores (Muscles/Liver/Blood) - Resynthesise 2 ATP. No delay (O2 not needed) - LA can be recycled and used for fuel production - Provides energy quickly for high intensity - GPP and PFK activated due to decrease in PC Disadvantages: - Low yield, recovery can be lengthy - Creates fatigue and produces lactic acid - Not as fast as ATP-PC system - Reduces pH which inhibits enzyme activity - Stimulates pain receptors

Answer 100

Type: Aerobic Fuel: Glycogen Site: Mitochondria Enzyme: PFK/GPP Yield: 38:1 Process: 3 stages Intensity: Moderate-Low Duration: 3+ Minutes Advantages: - Large potential glycogen and FFA stores avaliable/large food stores - Efficient ATP resynthesis (38) - There is no fatigue - Good for endurance - Lasts forever is fuels are replaced Disadvantages: - Delay for O2 delivery/slow re synthesis - Limited to sub-maximal work - Slow to metabolise, takes a while to engage - Complex reaction and recovery

Answer 101

Glycolosis 1. Glucose->Pyruvic acid (PFK catalyses) 2. Releases 2 ATP 3. O2 is sufficient/pyruvic acid->lactic acid 4. Link reaction to produce acetylCoA 5. Catalysed by COE enzyme A 6. Allows access to mitochondria Krebs 7. AcetylCoA and oxaloacetic combine 8. Forms citric acid (oxidises through reactions) 9. CO2/hydrogen/energy are released 10. 2 ATP are released ETC 11. H atoms carried through EEC by NAD and FAD 12. Splits H into ions and electrons 13. Ions = oxidised, remved as H2O 14. Electrons = carried away by NAD 15. Releases 30 ATP 16. Those carried away by FAD release 4 ATP

Answer 102

- Increased storage of muscle/living glycogen - Increased mobilisation of aerobic enzymes - Makes use of fats earlier therefore conserving CHO - Prolongs aerobic threshold - Delays muscle fatigue/OBLA - Efficiency in removing lactic acid

Answer 103

All 3 energy systems are constantly working to ensure the resynthesis of ATP but at any moment one of these systems are predominant

Answer 104

- Increased PC and glycogen stores and increased tolerance to lactic acid - So delayed threshold of the anaerobic system allowing the athlete to work at higher intensity for longer

Answer 105

- ATP-PC stores replenished - Removal of lactic acid - Replenishment of glycogen stores - O2 levels in myoglobin replenished - Rehydration - Electrolyte imbalances adjusted - Muscle fibre restoration

Answer 106

E- Excess P- Post O- Oxygen C- Consumption The volume of oxygen consumed post-exercise to return the body to its pre-exercising state

Answer 107

An object that is propelled forward through the air by an external force

Answer 108

A body in free fall that is subject only to the forces of gravity (9.81ms‾²) and air resistance

Answer 109

Once it has left the ground it will follow a flight path called a parabola until it once more comes back down to earth.

Answer 110

A flight path symmetrical about its highest point caused by the dominant weight force of a projectile.

Answer 111

A flight path asymmetrical about its highest point caused by the dominant force of air resistance on the projectile.

Answer 112

0-6s - very high intensity - atp-pc 6-30s - high intensity - ate and lactic 30s-3min - moderate-high - lactic 2-3min - moderate - LA and aerobic >3min - low intensity - aerobic

Answer 113

Point where the predominant energy system being used cannot provide sufficient ATP to maintain the current intensity of exercise

Answer 114

Intensity alternates either during interval training session or game where a player may walk run jump etc.

Answer 115

During recovery breaks, the aerobic system is predominant O2 is used to: - Replenish ATP and PC stores (50% in 30 seconds) (100% in 180 seconds) - Resaturate myoglobin and haemoglobin - Decrease level of lactic acid

Answer 116

- Increased cardiovascular/respiratory capacity - More O2 can be brought into/transported to/used by muscles - Increased VO2 max - Delayed fatigue, lactic acid threshold and OBLA - Athlete can work at higher intensity within the aerobic system - Can switch to the aerobic system quicker starts to break down FFAs sooner - Quicker availability of O2

Answer 117

- Position of player - Size of pitch/court - Level of competition - Tactics and strategy

Answer 118

1. ATP stores replenished 2. Removal of lactic acid 3. Replenishment of glycogen 4. O2 levels in myoglobin replenished 5. Rehydration/electrolyte adjusted 6. Muscle fibre restoration

Answer 119

- Accounts for 10% of EPOC - Requires 1.4 litres of O2 - 50% of ATP and PC stores are replaced in 30 seconds - Full restoration in 3 minutes - In 3 minutes, respiration remains high to continue aerobic respiration - Within first minute, it replenished stores of O2 within haemoglobin

Answer 120

- 5-8 litres of O2 required - Respiratory rate/depth/HR remain high to supply O2 and restore lactic acid and CO2 - CO2 is removed as carbonic acid - Removal of lactic acid takes up to hour, dependant on intensity - Body creates more heat, increasing metabolic rate - Glycogen stores are replenished

Answer 121

- Converted into pyretic acid, non-oxidised returns to the Krebs cycle (50-75%) - Converted to glycogen (10-25%) called glyconeogenesis - Small amounts are removed as protein urine and sweat

Answer 122

Movement of a body in a straight or curved line where all parts move the same direction over the same time Creation of linear motion: Direct force is applied to the body at the centre of mass e.g., Ski Jumping/skeleton Key descriptors: - Distance - Velocity - (De) Acceleration - Displacement - Speed]

Answer 123

Rest: Line does not go up or down Constant speed: Goes up in constant diagonal line (changing) Acceleration: Line gradually gets steeper, more distance is covered in the same amount of time Deceleration: Curve starts to level of, less distance is covered I the same time

Answer 124

Movement of a body in a circular path about its axis of rotation, more common than linear motion Measured: Radians 360 degrees Creation of angular motion: Eccentric force known as torque is applied to a body outside the centre of mass, caused by an external force

Answer 125

Longitudinal: Runs from head to toe, through the centre of mass e.g.m Spin in ice skating Transverse: Runs from left to right, through the centre of mass e.g., Somersault in gymnastics Frontal: Runs from front to back, through the centre of mass e.g., Cartwheel in gymnastics

Answer 126

Angular distance: Total angle body turns from start to finish about an axis Angular displacement: Smallest Ange between start and finish position about an axis Angular speed: Rate of change in angular distance Angular acceleration: Rate of change in angular velocity Angular velocity: Rate of change in angular displacement or the rate of rotation Angular momentum: The amount of motion a body or object has during rotation (how much spin)

Answer 127

Resistance of a body to change its state of angular motion or rotation (the tighter the performer tucks, the faster they rotate)

Answer 128

'A rotating body will continue to turn about its axis of rotation with constant angular momentum unless acted upon by an eccentric force or external torque'

Answer 129

Air resistance: Acts on a body travelling at high velocity through the air Drag: Action a body travelling through water

Answer 130

Velocity: The greater the velocity, the more the air resistance or drag, velocity however cannot be reduced Frontal cross-sectional area: The greater it is, the larger the air resistance Streamline and shape: More aerodynamic the body, the lower the air resistance or drag Surface: The smoother the surface, the lower the air resistance and drag

Answer 131

Projectile: A body launched into the air and is subject to weight and air resistance Projectile motion: Movement of a body through the air following a curved flight path under the force of gravity Flight path: Shows the overall distance travelled after gravity has accelerated it back to the ground

Answer 132

Speed of release: The greater the speed of release, the greater the distance Angle of release: Optimum angle of release is 45 degrees Height of release: Depending on whether it is positive or negative relative release, the optimum angle of release may change Aerodynamic factors: Bernoulli principle pr aerofoil

Answer 133

Parabolic: Symmetric about its highest point - Weight doesn't change - Dominant force - weight Non-parabolic: Asymmetric about its highest point - Weight changes e.g., shuttlecock - Dominant force - air resistance

Answer 134

Creation of an additional lift force and on a projectile in flight resulting from the conclusion that the higher the velocity of airflow, the lower the surrounding air pressure Impact: Additional loft force means the projectile will hang in the air for a longer time Applies to: - Javelin - Ski jumping - Discus

Answer 135

Curved upper surface (low pressure - air faster) and flat underneath surface (high pressure - air slower). Air is forced apart and there are different velocities above and below the shape

Answer 136

- Air parts as it goes over the shape, moves at different velocities above and below the shape - This impacts the pressure of airflow and a pressure gradient is formed which generates additional force - The curved upper surface forces air flow to travel a further distance and therefore move at a higher velocity

Answer 137

- Shows sum of all force acting on an object using a parallelogram - Lift reduces and therefore so does weight - Shows the overall effect of an aerofoil in flight - Weight and lift both act vertically Flight path: - Shows effect of horizontal distance - Shows overall effect of an aerofoil in flight

Answer 138

Diet that maintains or improves overall health. Provides the body with essential nutrition e.g., fluid, vitamins, fibre and energy Percentage breakdown: - Carbohydrates 30% - Fruit and vegetables 30% - Protein 20% - Dairy 15% - Fats 5% 19-51 year-olds calorie intake: Men - 2,500 Women - 2,000

Answer 139

What is is? Simple (sugars): Easily digested into the body e.g., fruit Complex (starches): Plant based, take a long time to digest e.g., bread/pasta What does it do? - Primary source of energy - Needed for high intensity work - Food is digested and converted into glucose stored in the liver and muscles

Answer 140

What is it? - Molecules made up of amino acids (used in body cells to build up proteins) - Needed for the body to function - Examples: Meats, fish, quinoa, eggs and nuts What does it do? - Muscle growth and repair - Functioning of enzyme - Functioning of hormones - Minor source of energy - Basics of body structure

Answer 141

What is it? Saturated (sweet and savoury): Provides a secondary energy source Unsaturated (meat and dairy): Mainly made from industrial processed food - Nuts, oil, canola, butter, soya What does it do? - Causes excessive weight gain - Reduces stamina - Lead to chronic health disorders - Limits flexibility - Leads to high cholesterol (fats found in the blood)

Answer 142

Calcium: For muscles to move and nerves to carry message to the brain Iron: Makes haemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen Phosphorus: Activates enzymes, keeps blood pH normal, and element in bones Vitamin A (Fat soluble): For normal vision, immune system, reproduction and growth Vitamin D (Fat soluble): Help absorb calcium and phosphorus + maintain it Vitamin E (Fat soluble): Acts as an antioxidant and protects cell Vitamin K (Fat soluble): Makes various proteins needed for blood/bones Vitamin C (Water soluble): Helps protect cells against sun, x-rays, other sources Vitamin B (Water soluble): Releases energy from carbs and fats - helps break down amino acids Fat soluble - Can be stored in the body e.g., eggs, vegetables, animal products Water soluble - Can't be stored in the body, requires to be replenished more frequently e.g., milk, fruit, grains, veg

Answer 143

Fibre - Slows down the breakdown of food. Helps the digestive system. Found in wholemeal carbohydrates Water - Helps maintain body weight. Transports nutrients/hormones. Regulates body temperature

Answer 144

What are they?: Help make an increase in strength and power by promoting bone growth and muscle mass Benefits: - Increased muscle tissue and strength - Reduces body fat - Increased muscle strength/power Drawbacks: - Mood swings in high quantity - Heart disease - Males - Testicular atrophy - Females - Body hair

Answer 145

What is it?: Stimulates red blood cells and therefore more haemoglobin can pick up oxygen for the muscles Benefits: - Stimulates red blood cell production - Regulates concentration of red blood cells and haemoglobin Drawbacks: - Increased blood viscosity - Fever and seizures - Increased risk of blood clots

Answer 146

What are they?: Anabolic - it accelerates protein synthesis and aids the metabolism of fat stores Benefits: - Boosts protein - Promotes utilisation of fats - Interferes with action of insulin Drawbacks: - Risk of heart disease and diabetes - Blood clots - Dosage errors

Answer 147

What is it?: Misuse of certain techniques and/or substances such as EPO to increase red blood cells to transport more oxygen Benefits: - Aerobic system and oxygen transportation - Improved ability to sustain maximal endurance exercise - Reduces fatigue Drawbacks: - Blood viscosity increase - Heart attack and stroke risk - Increased risk of blood clots

Answer 148

What is it?: Involves performer training at lower levels of oxygen with intervals to train the body e.g., endurance Benefits: - Increases oxygen carrying RBCs - Utilises oxygen to produce energy - Improves immune/metabolic systems Drawbacks: - Brain damage/respiratory infection - Increase in breathlessness - Onset of anaemia and loss of muscle mass

Answer 149

What are they?: Assist blood circulation, reduces lactate levels and eases muscle soreness. Improves relaxation during recovery Benefits: - Helps reduce thermal strain - Reduces cardiovascular drift - Reduces sweating/dehydration Drawbacks: - Redness on site of application - Stinging and burning - May not work successfully/have no or little effect

Answer 150

What is it?: technique to increase stores of glycogen in muscles before before endurance events. Four days before the event, the performer decreases training levels and increases the amount of carbs eaten e.g., pasta. Benefits: - Increases muscle glycogen stores - Gives performer more energy for endurance sports - Helps build muscle mass/prevent loosing muscles - Delays fatigue - Good for endurance Drawbacks: - Bloating and gas due to fibre - Blood sugar changes - Weight gain - Digestive discomfort

Answer 151

What is it?: Provides nutrients and fluid needed to complete a competition or training, provides energy Benefits: - Gives performer more energy - Prevents fatigue - Decreases hunger pains - Hydration allows them to maintain their body fluids - Provides them with calories/nutrients Drawbacks: - May cause some digestive issues if non-fibre foods are eaten

Answer 152

What is it?: Hydrate consistently and foods which raise blood-glucose Benefits: - Avoids ensuing thermal stress - Maintain plasma volume Drawbacks: - Can interrupt the event - Can overdo it

Answer 153

What is it?: Helps to replenish glycogen stores and electrolyte imbalance. Protein also helps to repair muscles Benefits: - Improves recovery - Decreases muscles soreness - Increases immune function - Increased bone mass - Decreased muscle fat Drawbacks: - Poor diet choices - Food taken too late after exercise

Answer 154

How the human body takes in and maintains a steady level of water in its tissues and organs down to the cellular level Side effects: - Dry mouth/tongues - Lightheadedness/dizziness - Dry skin - Severe thirst - Muscle weakness - Tired/lethargic

Answer 155

Hypotonic: Designed to quickly replace fluids lost during exercise. Contain low salts and sugars - Lucozade sport - Hydro active Isotonic: Best way to rehydrate during and after exercise. Helps to replace electrolytes lost during activities - Gatorade - Powerade Hypertonic: Supplement carbohydrates, provide maximum energy. Contains high levels of salt and sugar - Lucozade energy - Red bull

Answer 156

Ergogenic: Substance/object used to improve/enhance performance Pharmacological: Group of ergogenic aids taken to increase levels of hormones/transmitters Physiological: Occurs naturally in the body. Improves response to exercise better than normal

Answer 157

Stored naturally the body, replenishes quicker during exercise, enables high intensity. Can also be artificially put into the body in e.g., protein shakes Benefits: - Improves power and strength - Promotes recovery - Anaerobic activity - Increases muscle mass Drawbacks: - Unknown long-term effects - Stomach cramps - Weight gain due to water retention

Answer 158

Effects the central nervous system as a stimulant and increases calcium content of muscles e.g., coke or coffee/tea Benefits: - Increase alertness - Increase muscle recruitment - Enhance strength of contraction Drawbacks: - Restlessness/tiredness - Headaches nd dizziness - Fast heart rate and insomnia - Dehydration

Answer 159

A natural buffer part of the body's base balance and helps to maintain proper pH levels e.g., fruit and vegetables Benefits: - Helps clear acid out of muscle cells - Restore optimum pH - Neutralises lactic acid - Increases endurance Drawbacks: - Increase risk of swelling - People with heart failure have been associated with bicarbonate

Answer 160

Enhance blood flout the muscles and increase efficiency of contractions e.g., leafy greens and beet roots Benefits: - Increases efficiency of muscle contraction - Increased energy - Enhance blood flow Drawbacks: - Can be toxic in high concentrations - Headaches

Answer 161

Lowest rate of energy needed to sustain the body's essential physiological state or functions

Answer 162

Lowest rate of energy expenditure needed to sustain body's essential physiological state or functions - NOT including sleep

Answer 163

Energy used in the process of eating, absorbing and using food

Answer 164

Ml/O2/Kg/min Calculation of energy expenditure

Answer 165

Macro cycle: - The entire programme - Long term - 1 year Meso cycle: - The mid-term programme - Usually between 4 and 6 weeks Micro cycle: - The short term programme - Usually between 1 and 3 weeks

Answer 166

Reduction of training volume and intensity just prior to competition in order to allow peaking to occur. This is because the high volume and intensity of training that helps bring an athlete to their best physical condition also causes impairments in performance

Answer 167

The creation of an additional Magnus force on a spinning projectile which deviates from it's expected flight path

Answer 168

Topspin: Applied above the COM (spins downwards around transverse axis) Backspin: Applied below the COM (spins upwards around transverse axis) Sidespin hook: Applied right of COM (spins left around the longitude axis) causing it to deviate left Sidespin slice: Applied left of COM (spins right around the longitudinal axis) causing it to deviate to the right

Answer 169

- The way the projectile spins determines the direction, velocity and pressure of air flow around it - Pressure gradient is formed either side of the spinning projectile and an additional Magnus force is created which deviates the flight path - All forms of spin create a non-parabolic flight path - Topspin creates a downward Magnus force, shortening flight path - Backspin creates upward Magnus force, lengthening flight path - Sidespin creates a Magnus force to the left swerving the projectile to the right (slice) or a Magnus force to the right and swerving to the left

Answer 170

- Direction of air flow opposing direction of motion - Direction of rotation - Velocity and pressure labels - More and tighter air flow lines with the direction of rotation side of the projectile - Magnus force in the direction of the flight path deviation starting from the centre of mass

pe - anatomy Flashcards

(194 cards)