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A level study sets > Charles > Flashcards

Charles Flashcards

1
Q

Charles was proclaimed joint ruler with who and when?

A

His mother Joanna in March 1516

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2
Q

Who governed Castile and Aragon when Charles was in the Netherlands?

A
  • Cardinal Cisneros- Castile
  • Ferdinand’s illegitimate son, Alfonso- Aragon
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3
Q

Why did Charles of Habsburg become king of Spain in 1516?

A
  • His mother is accused of being mad, therefore unfit to rule
  • Spain was in unrest and uncertainty
  • The Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian (Charles’ grandfather) favoured him for the accession
  • The Pope supported him
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4
Q

He was brought up in the care of his aunt who?

A

The archduchess Margaret of Austria

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5
Q

Who was his chief tutor?

A

Adrian of Utrecht

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6
Q

Adrian had a great deal of influence on Charles, in devotion to what?

A

The Church and both regular attendance at mass and making confession

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7
Q

The life Charles would have grown used to was one of luxury such as?

A
  • Expensive clothes
  • Works of art
  • Hunting and jousting
  • Banquets and music

All the culture and festivities which were such an important feature of the Burgundian Court

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8
Q

Charles had also been carefully instructed in public affairs by a Burgundian nobleman who?

A

Chièvres de Croy

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9
Q

What were Charles’ strengths as the new king of Spain?

A
  • Experience of governing the Netherlands
  • Cortes of Valladolid accepted him as king in February 1518
  • Cortes of Castile in 1518 granted him 600,000 ducats
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10
Q

What were his weaknesses?

A
  • Charles’ image and personality
  • Favours and important Spanish offices were given to Charles’ Burgundian supporters
  • Betraying his Spanish subjects
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11
Q

What was wrong with Charles’ image and personality?

A
  • He was a foreigner which many Spaniards disliked and distrusted
  • They preferred his brother Ferdinand to be king.
  • He was a sullen, gawky 17 year old, unable to speak Spanish and had never visited Spain
  • Little knowledge of Spain or Spanish affairs.
  • He did not have the ideal king image
  • They wanted a king who would support Spanish interests and concerns, not those of other lands.
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12
Q

Examples of him favouring Burgundians?

A
  • Cisneros, elderly and unwell, died almost immediately after Charles’ arrival in Spain (rumours poisoned) and Charles’ decision to replace him as Regent and in the Council with a group of predominantly Burgundian advisors
  • Adrian of Utrecht received bishopric of Tortosa.
  • Anger aroused by granting main Archbishop in Castile to Chièvres’ nephew who was 16 years old.
  • Charles chose a Burgundian councillor as president of the Cortes.
  • Representatives of towns immediately expressed resentment and prospered against the inclusion of a foreigner at a meeting of their Cortes.
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13
Q

How did he betray his Spanish subjects at the start of his reign?

A
  • Cortes of Valladolid accepted him as king in February 1518 with certain conditions (promise not to appoint Burgundian advisors/export Castilian treasure- commitments Charles did not keep)
  • His request that the Cortes of Castile in 1518 grant him a servicio 600,000 ducats were granted.
  • Complaints were made about Spanish money being sent to Burgundian court.
  • His decision in 1519 to seek the title of the HRE when his grandfather, Maximilian, died
  • This was compounded by summoning in 1520 of second Castilian Cortes to Santiago in remote North West Spain to grant yet more money
  • The meeting place created great annoyance as it was chosen because of its convenience for Charles and his retinue leaving the country.
  • Resentment also caused by the fact that pervious subsidy had been granted less than 3 years before
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14
Q

When was the Comuneros (Towns) uprising in Castile?

A

1520-21

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15
Q

Communeros revolt

A
  • He left to be crowned HRE in 1519 and installed Pope Adrian VI as regent.
  • Cortes demanded he only installed Castilians in office. Charles installed Dutch advisors
  • Castilians resented Charles’ absenteeism. They were unhappy about heavy taxation/policies.
  • Burning of Medina del Campo destroyed Pope Adrian’s authority.
  • Failed to gain ground due to localism/lack of support from aristocracy.
  • Agreed to capitulate in late 1521. Comuneros faced harsh repression until Charles returned to Spain and signed general pardon.
  • After Revolt, Charles met all demands of the rebels and relative peace ensued.
  • Revolt was used to justify future harsh actions to rebellions
  • Caused by anti-Islamic sentiment, economic issues, and anger over nobles leaving Valencia after Plague.
  • It was brutally repressed by Germaine de Foix, who treated rebels harshly. This helped prevent future resistance.
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16
Q

When was the Valencian Germania (Brotherhoods) revolt?

A

1519-1522

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17
Q

Germanías Revolt

A
  • Another revolt in Valencia took place in 1519-23, parallel to Castile rebellion. - Valencia plunged into economic crisis due to reduced trade.
  • Europe’s focus on discovery in Atlantic meant Valencia’s artisan guilds (Germanías) were neglected and unable to make as much money.
  • Could not generate money through Atlantic trade as Valencia had been excluded from participating in cross-Atlantic trade.
  • Guilds rebelled against King Charles, fighting against monarchy and feudalism, nobility that had fled Valencia after plague broke out 1519, and against Muslim population of Aragon
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18
Q

What were the causes of the Comuneros and Germania revolts?

A
  • Charles’ inexperience and style of government
  • economic problems
  • social conflict and rivalries
  • religious tensions
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19
Q

When did Charles leave Spain for Germany to assume the role of Holy Roman Emperor? When did Charles return to Spain?

A
  • May 1520
  • July 1522
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20
Q

In the months that followed after Charles left for Germany, an outbreak of plague provoked the people of Valencia to riot against who and why?

A

Muslims and homosexuals whom they believed were bringing God’s punishment against the city

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21
Q

Charles returned to Spain in July 1522 and learned lessons. He now set out to repair his reputation how?

A
  • Learning Castilian
  • Building alliances with the nobles
  • Making an effort to manage the Cortes
  • Reconstructing the government
  • Populating the Royal Councils with capable men- mostly Spaniards
  • Married Portuguese princess, Isabella (preferred choice of Cortes)
  • Had a son, Philip
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22
Q

Why did he need to reconstruct the government?

A

He needed to reshape the state so that it would function without his presence

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23
Q

What government system did he develop?

A

The Conciliar System

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24
Q

What members were the Royal Council mainly?

A

Largely letrados

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25
Q

How were they effective?

A

Kept Spain functioning in an obedient fashion when Charles was absent. Ensured that in his absence taxes were collected, laws enforced and order maintained

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26
Q

Of his 39 years as king of Spain, Charles spent only how many years in the country?

A

16

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27
Q

After 1543 he did not return until after his abdication when? Who ruled as regent in his absence?

A
  • 1556
  • His son Philip
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28
Q

When was Council of State formed?

A

1526

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29
Q

When was Council of War formed?

A

1522

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30
Q

When was Council of the Indies formed?

A

1524

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31
Q

When was Council of Italy formed?

A

1555

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32
Q

These bodies provided advice and recommendations in CONSULTA which were presented to the king via his Secretary of State who?

A

Francisco de los Cobos

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33
Q

He continued to deploy talented clergymen in government positions such as?

A

Italian Mercurino Gattinara, a Roman Catholic Cardinal who had important role in foreign policy and Council of State

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34
Q

Charles showed Cortes respect and consideration and insisted on receiving what?

A

Respect and obedience in return

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35
Q

Why was the monarch’s power greater?

A

Cortes could not make laws on their own

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36
Q

In 1523 Charles upbraided Cortes of Valladolid for what?

A

Attempting to discuss business and grievances before granting funds to the king. He reminded them his predecessors received their money up front and he expected no different. He then mollified the Cortes by graciously receiving their petitions and promising to address them

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37
Q

Castile became a useful tax granting body and voted how many grants during the reign?

A

15

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38
Q

What were weaknesses in Cortes?

A
  • Discussions even in the general Cortes, were not joint
  • Charles had to deal with each of the Cortes of the 3 kingdoms separately, even if they were gathered in the same place which was time consuming and difficult
  • Cortes meetings were irregular and even when new taxes were agreed, the proceeds were usually unlikely to meet Charles’ requirements
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39
Q

At the start of his reign Charles alienated the Castilian nobles by?

A

Favouring Burgundians like Chièvres in central government positions and by granting titles, estates and church positions to foreigners

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40
Q

Charles rewarded Nobels by?

A

Reaffirming their exemption from taxes and employing them in key government roles in return for their loyal control of the localities e.g. Duke of Alba held position of Council of State

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41
Q

But most aristocrats excluded from important councils which were staffed by who?

A

Letrados

42
Q

Power of crown declined relative to the nobles why?

A

Sale of royal jurisdictional rights (senorios) by Charles and then Philip was a short term financial measure to raise revenue. This privatised the administration of justice in the localities and granting the noble purchasers of the senorios greater local authority effectively alienating the power of the crown

43
Q

Did the expulsion of the Jews in 1492 and activities of Inquisition against the Conversos throughout the Catholic Monarchs reign continue in Charles’?

A

Yes but with much lower profile

44
Q

The proportion of conversos brought before Inquisition dropped from how much?

A

77% in 1500 to only 2% by the middle of the reign

45
Q

When did the great era of conversos persecution end?

A

With the death of Isabella 1504

46
Q

However discrimination against conversos continued, what did the Limpieza de Sangre (Purity of the Blood) statutes state?

A

Excluded from many positions in the church and universities anyone of conversos origins

47
Q

After 1546 the new Archbishop of Toledo, an uncompromising zealot relaunched these measures, who was new Archbishop?

A

Juan Martinez Siliceo

48
Q

His Toledo limpieza statute in 1547 started a trend and in 1556 Philip II whom Siliceo had tutored confirmed the measure as what?

A

A Royal Statute, giving it force of law across Spain

49
Q

The government regarded Moriscos as unimportant, what classes did the constitute?

A

The labouring and peasant classes in remote southern regions of Spain and were firmly under control of their landlords

50
Q

Why did landlords protect them from interference from Inquisition?

A

They were hard-working tenants who knew how to extract a meagre living from the dry, inhospitable terrain of the south

51
Q

Castilian Moriscos had to convert to Christianity when?

A

1502

52
Q

Moriscos continued to dress, speak, bathe and eat, maintained their Islamic way of life if not openly worshipping. Inquisition decree banning Islamic customs and practices was issued when? But was often unenforced

A

1526

53
Q

In Valencia following the Germania uprising aimed at the Moors, an edict issued when, extended the Castilian expulsion decree of 1502 to Aragon?

A

1525

54
Q

Moors responded with a brief armed uprising when?

A

1526

55
Q

Attempts to ban Moorish culture and customs was resisted by who and why?

A

Landlords and Political authorities in the south fearing Moriscos uprising

56
Q

Charles accepted and annual levy of how much in return for the non-enforcement of the ban on Moorish language and dress?

A

20,000 ducats

57
Q

Where did the alumbrados (illuminists) spring up from?
What were they?
Who were they followers of?
What did they develop a practice of and why?
A royal edict of when condemned the illuminists ideas?
What happened to arrested illuminists?
What links did they have to?

A
  • Franciscan order
  • A mystical movement common in Europe at the time
  • Mystic Isabel of the Cross
  • Meditation which aimed at direct communion with God and submission to His Divine Will
  • 1510-1524
  • Leading illuminists were arrested and beliefs condemned as heresy by Inquisition
  • 1525
  • Few were executed and most were later released
  • Lutheranism
58
Q

Around how many prosecutions for Lutheran ideas by 1556 and little executions? vigilance of inquisition effective, also a Lutheran ideas never really spread to Spain

A

105

59
Q

What was Christian Humanism?

A

An orthodox Catholic intellectual strand

60
Q

Who promoted the idea of a reformed Church which incorporated learning, private prayer and meditation?

A

Erasmus, a great religious scholar in Spain

61
Q

Who were admirers of Erasmus?

A

Cisneros, Inquisitor General Alfonso Manriquez de Lara, scholars of universities

62
Q

The rise of what led Christian humanists to be investigated for Lutheranism and Erasmian books were condemned?

A

Protestantism

63
Q

After 1529 when Charles left Spain for Germany what happened to Erasmian scholars?

A

Increasingly smeared as Lutherans and driven abroad or underground

64
Q

From 1547 Inquisition issued official list of banned books, possession of which would lead to prosecution as a heretic. This evolved into what? Issued when?

A

Index of Prohibited Books issued in 1559 (on the list were entire works of Erasmus)

65
Q

Inquisition under Charles

A
  • Inquisition continued during Charles’ reign and persecution accelerated.
  • Muslims in Valencia and Aragon were forced to convert to Christianity 1526 Islam was later banned in Spain.
  • New threat emerged. Protestantism’s popularity was growing throughout Europe and appealing to those disillusioned with Catholicism.
  • 1521 Luther, founder of Protestantism, refused to recant beliefs at meeting with Charles about heresy called Diet of Worms.
  • Rather than deter others from converting to Protestantism, his speech at Diet inspired many followers.
  • Protestantism posed threat to Catholic kingdoms.
  • He unsuccessfully attempted to introduce Inquisition in low countries to eradicate it.
  • He ultimately failed to contain Protestantism despite efforts
66
Q

Charles’ religious aims

A

His aims:
- To continue the work of Ferdinand and Isabella
- Reform the Catholic Church by removing corrupt practices and removing clergy members
- Improve clergy education, clergy, masses, moors
- To ensure Lutherism gains no support in Spain
- Make Catholicism the sole religion in Spain
- Do all of the above using the Inquisition

Successes:
- Keeping Protestantism out of Spain
- Council of Trent
Failures:
- Inquisition of Moriscos
- Relations with the Popes
- Difficulties with the papacy

Council of Trent: Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Relations with the popes:
Popes feared that either Charles or the French King were becoming too powerful in Italy leading to a decrease in the pope’s powers. Conflict also arose over hoe to deal with the Protestant challenges in Germany. A third major conflict arose over the questions of reform to the Catholic Church throughout Europe. Charles was keen that a general councillor the church be held to introduce needed reforms in the church.

Erasmists - Followed the teaching go Erasmus, promoted the idea of a reformed church, learning private prayer, meditation, it was widely received but became less favoured in 1520s.
- 1516 Cisneros invited Erasmus to Spain
- 1522-25 Establishment of the erasmian movement
- 1520s Inquisition began to target Erasmus.
- 1533 Inquisition has associated the writings of Erasmus with Lutheran heresy

Lutheranism - 1529, Charles and his court leaves Spain, it was his aim to stamp this out along with anyone or any group that did not follow Catholicism.
- 1521 Adrian of Utrecht issues a ban on Lutheran books
- 1558 Just after the end of Charles’ reign there had been 105 cases of Lutheranism in Spain, 66 were foreigners

Illuminists - Linked the Lutherism, they believed that they were in direct communication with God (through drugs).
- 1512 Emergence Illuminists
- 1525 Inquisition began to target Illuminists
- 1525 Edict condemning illuminist teachings

Moriscos - People who were suspected of not actually converting, this worry was worsened by the conflict with the growing Ottoman Empire
- 1525 Edict forcing all Moors to convert or be exiled
- 1526 Revolt in Sierra de Espadan over the forced conversion of the Moors
- 1529 Moriscos offer Charles 80,000 ducats to withdraw the 1525 edict

67
Q

Charles and the economy

A

Incomes:
- Albans tax was paid by everyone to the crown despite their incomes (10%)
- The sale os Juros, bonds paying a set interest rate was a source of ordinary revenue
- The pope allowed Charles to receive a part of all Spanish church income that they received
- Argon wasn’t’t strong enough to help financilally
- The cruzada tex was a special contribution paid but the clergy, annual average of 12,000 ducats
- Charles received loans from German banks and the church also provided money from time to time

Where incomes came from:
- Taxation
- Income fromAragon
- Income from Castile
- Income from the church
- Income from the new world
- Money borrowed, loans

Expenditures:
- Bungarian greed
- War - The biggest expense
- Imperial election expenses 2 million ducats
- Increased cost of royal court
- Cost of paying officials
- Royal household items e.g. artwork

Reasons for expenditures:
- When Charles became King his financial state was very poor, a shortage of money was always Charles’ reason for calling on the Cortes throughout his reign
- Wars against the French/ Lutherans/Ottomans were costly
- Charles said the government debts in Castile amounted to far more then he received in revenue e.g. he had to spend more money than what he was making

68
Q

When was the Truce of Noyon?

A

1516

69
Q

Who was the King of France?

A

Francis I

70
Q

Why were there conflicts in France?

A
  • France felt surrounded by threatening Habsburg possessions
  • Both France and Spain had interests in Italy where Milan constituted a vital point on ‘Spanish road’
  • Francis refused to accept Charles leadership of Christian Europe after Charles election of HRE
  • Personal rivalry- Charles proposed hand to hand combat
71
Q

What three areas did the rivalry focus on?

A
  • Milan
  • Navarre
  • Flanders (Netherlands)
72
Q

When did French armies took advantage of Charles’ absence and Comuneros revolt to invade Navarre?

A

1521

73
Q

Charles followed up the victory against France in Navarre by seizing where?

A

Tournai in French Flanders, adding the city to his Netherlands territories

74
Q

Following what battle and when did Charles’ forces take Milan from France, consolidating his position in northern Italy?

A

Battle of Bicocca in April 1522

75
Q

The accession of Charles’ tutor Adrian of Utrecht as Pope reinforced this victory. When did he become pope?

A

1522

76
Q

When did France retake Milan?

A

1524

77
Q

What was the name of the new Pope that abandoned Charles’ side?

A

Clement VII

78
Q

Where did Charles win a huge victory in 1525?

A
  • Pavia
  • He captured Francis I who remained a prisoner in Spain until 1526, when he paid a huge ransom and agreed the Treaty of Madrid promising to cede Burgundy to Charles
79
Q

Francis broke the Treaty and formed what League and when?

A
  • League of Cognac 1527
  • Against Spain, allying with England, Pope and several Italian princes who feared Charles domination of Italy
80
Q

Charles abandoned by his allies and pressed on all sides was unable to pay his troops and his forces in Italy expressed their anger by?

A
  • Sacking and pillaging Rome in 1527 forcing Pope to become prisoner in his villa
  • Damaged Charles’ position internationally
81
Q

Where did he defeat France in 1529?

A
  • Landriano
  • Helped by Pope and Genoese naval commander Doria with the Genoese fleet
82
Q

France was forced to agree to what in 1529 which ended wars between France and Spain and cemented Spanish/ Imperial dominance in Italy?

A

Peace of Cambria

83
Q

What other problems had Charles to deal with?

A

Growing problems with Protestantism in Germany and England

84
Q

Following death of the Duke of Milan a French army marched into Northern Italy overrunning Savoy on the way when?

A

1535

85
Q

A truce was negotiated when where France was allowed to keep Savoy?

A

1538

86
Q

Charles consolidated his power in Milan by doing what?

A

Nominating his son, Philip as Duke of Milan thereby absorbing Milan into the Spanish empire

87
Q

When did Francis I ally himself with Turks and German princes to unsuccessfully attack Charles in Flanders and Northern Italy?

A

1542

88
Q

What peace treaty did France and Spain agree to which maintained Spanish/Imperial dominance in Italy thereafter and when?

A

Peace of Crépy 1544

89
Q

When did Francis I die?

A

1547

90
Q

Who was Francis successor?

A

His son Henry II

91
Q

Henry II was a more determined and resourceful enemy of Habsburg power than his father and he formed an alliance with who?

A

German protestant princes

92
Q

They launched a campaign against Charles’ possessions in Germany which broke the Emperor’s hold over the region. By 1553 Habsburg forces had been driven out of Germany and the towns of where had fallen to France?

A
  • Metz
  • Toul
  • Verdun
93
Q

When did Charles leave Spain for the last time?

A

1543

94
Q

When did he return for his abdication?

A

1556

95
Q

Who did he leave as Regent of Spain?

A

His son Philip aged 14

96
Q

Who advised his son?

A
  • Francisco de los Cobos
  • Juan Pardo de Tavera
  • Duke of Alva
97
Q

Who were the next generation of advisers who Philip relied on after the death of Tavera and de los Cobos?

A

Gonzalo Perez and Francisco de Eraso

98
Q

Who was Philip married to?

A

Mary Tudor, Queen of England

99
Q

Why was the marriage unsuccessful?

A
  • English did not trust Philip or Spain.
  • Mary’s brutal suppression of Protestants in England was divisive and blamed on Philip.
  • Mary died childless in 1558.
100
Q

In 1556 Charles abdicated from the Imperial crown, leaving the difficult legacy of Germany to who?

A

His brother Ferdinand

101
Q

What is the name of the peace settlement Ferdinand agreed with the Protestant princes?

A

Peace of Augsburg

A level study sets (42 decks)

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