P.E Flashcards
1
Q
Definition: Myogenic
A
The capacity of the heart to generate it’s own impulses.
2
Q
Definition: Sinoatrial node (SAN)
A
A small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat. It is more commonly known called the pacemaker.
3
Q
Definition: Atrioventricular node (AVN)
A
This node relays impulses between the upper and lower sections of the heart.
4
Q
Definition: Bundle of His
A
A collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN to the bundle branches to the ventricles.
5
Q
Definition: Purkinje fibres
A
Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricals.
6
Q
Definition: Sympathetic nervous system
A
A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate.
7
Q
Definition: Parasympathetic nervous system
A
A part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate.
8
Q
Definition: Medulla Oblongata
A
The most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate.
9
Q
Definition: Chemoreceptors
A
Tiny structures in the carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide.
10
Q
Definition: Baroreceptors
A
Special sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, carotid valve, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate.
11
Q
Definition: Proprioceptors
A
Sensory nerve endings in the muscles and tendons that detect movement of muscles.
12
Q
Definition: Adrenaline
A
A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes an increase in heart rate.
13
Q
Definition: Stroke Volume
A
The Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
14
Q
Definition: Diastole phase
A
When the heart relaxes to fill with blood.
15
Q
Definition: Ejection fraction
A
The percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
16
Q
Definition: Cardiac output
A
The Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute.
17
Q
Definition: Cardiac hypertrophy
A
The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger, also can mean a larger ventricular cavity.
18
Q
Definition: Bradycardia
A
A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute.
19
Q
Definition: Atherosclerosis
A
Occurs when arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits.
20
Q
Definition: Atheroma
A
A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery.
21
Q
Definition: Angina
A
Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted.
22
Q
Definition: Stroke
A
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off.
23
Q
Definition: Steady State
A
Where the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply.
24
Q
Definition: Blood pressure
A
The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel Wall.
25
Definition: Systolic pressure
The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting.
26
Definition: Diastolic pressure
The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing.
27
Definition: Venous return
The return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava.
28
Definition: Plasma
The fluid part of blood (mainly water) that surrounds blood cells and transports them.
29
Definition: Haemoglobin
An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.
30
Definition: Myoglobin
Often called the 'muscle haemoglobin'. It is an iron-containing muscle pigment in slow twitch muscle fibres which has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin. It stores oxygen in the muscle fibres which can be used quickly when exercise begins.
31
Definition: Mitochondria
Often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell as respiration and energy production occur there.
32
Definition: Bohr shift
When an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin.
33
Definition: pH
A measure of acidity. The range goes from 1 - 14 and anything less than 7 indicates acidity.
34
Definition: Vascular shunt mechanism
The redistribution of cardiac output.
35
Definition: Vasodilation
The widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into capillaries.
36
Definition: Vasoconstriction
The narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce the blood flow into capillaries.
37
Definition: Aterio-venous difference
The difference between the partial pressure of oxygen or the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles.
38
Definition: Diffusion
The movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration or partial pressure to an area of low concentration or partial pressure.
39
Definition: Gaseous exchange
The movement of oxygen in the air into the blood and carbon dioxide in the blood into the air.
40
Definition: Tidal volume
Volume of air breathed in or out per breath.
41
Definition: Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Volume of air that can forcibly be inspired after a normal breath.
42
Definition: Expiratory reserve volume
Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a breath.
43
Definition: Residual volume
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration.
44
Definition: Spirometer
A device that is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs.
45
Definition: Partial pressure
The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gasses.
46
Definition: Concentration/Diffusion gradient
Often referred to as the concentration gradient; It explains how gases flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The steeper the gradient (greater difference between two concentration levels) the faster diffusion occurs.
47
Definition: Cillia
Cilia are microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles.
48
Definition: COPD
A chronic and debilitating disease and is name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema. The main cause of emphysema is smoking. It is a long-term, progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath.
49
Definition: Aerobic
Literally means 'with oxygen' so it refers to exercise that is low to medium intensity where oxygen demand of the muscles can be met.
50
Definition: Anaerobic
Means 'without oxygen' and refers to exercise with high intensity such as sprinting, where demand of oxygen by the muscles is so high it cannot be met.
51
Definition: Hypertrophy
Where the muscle has become bigger and stronger.
52
Definition: Motor unit
A motor neuron and its muscle fibres.
53
Definition: Motor neurones
Nerve cells which transmit the brains instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles.
54
Definition: Neuromuscular junction
Where the motor neuron and the muscle fiber meet.
55
Definition: All or none law
Where a sequence of impulses has to be sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibers in a motor unit in order for them to contract. If not, none of them contract.
56
Definition: Wave summation
Where there is a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relate so a smooth, sustained contraction occur, rather than twitches.
57
Definition: Spatial summation
When the strength of contraction changes by altering the number and size of the muscles motor units.
58
Definition: Tetanic contraction
A sustained muscles contraction. Caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli.
59
Muscle spindles
These detect how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produce the stretch reflex.
60
Definition: Golgi tendon organs
These are activated when there is tension in a muscle.
61
Definition: Isometric contraction
Where there is tension in a muscle but no visible movement.
62
Definition: Autogenic inhibition
Where there is a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension. The receptors involved in this process are Golgi tendon organs.
63
Definition: Sagittal plane
Divides the body into the right and left halves.
64
Definition: Frontal plane
Divides the body into front and back halves.
65
Definition: Transverse plane
Divides the body into upper and lower halves.
66
Definition: Transverse axis
Runs from side to side across the body.
67
Definition: Sagittal axis
runs from back to front.
68
Definition: Longitudinal axis
Run from top to bottom.
69
Definition: Flextion
Decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint.
70
Definition: Extension
Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint.
71
Definition: Plantarflextion
Pointing the toes.
72
Definition: Dorsi-flextion
Pulling the toes upwards.
73
Definition: Hyper-extension
Increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint.
74
Definition: Agonist
The muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occurring.
75
Definition: Antagonist
The muscle that works in opposition to the agonist (to help produce coordinated movement.
76
Definition: Concentric contraction
When a muscle shortens under the sign.
77
Definition: Eccentric contraction
When a muscle lengthens under tension or performs negative work and acts as a brake.
78
Definition: Isometric contraction
When a muscle is under tension but there is no visible movement.
79
Definition: Cholesterol
A type of fat found in the blood.
80
Definition: Amino Acids
Used in all body cells to build protein.
81
Definition: Electrolytes
Salts and minerals found in the blood that can conduct electrical impulses in the body.
82
Definition: Dehydration
Occurs when the body is losing more fluid than it is taking in.
83
Definition Skill
The learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both.
84
Definition: Open skill
A skill performed in an unpredictable environment.
85
Definition: Closed skill
A skill performed in a predictable environment.
86
Definition: Gross skill
A skill that uses large muscle groups.
87
Definition: Fine skill
A skill that uses small muscle groups.
88
Definition: Self paced skill
When the performer controls the start and speed of the skill.
89
Definition: Externally paced skill
When the performer has no control over the start or speed of the skill.
90
Definition: Discrete skill
A skill that has a clear beginning and end.
91
Definition: Serial skill
A skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement.
92
Definition: Low organised skill
A skill that is easily broken into parts.
93
Definition: High organised skill
A skill that is not easily broken into parts.
94
Definition: Simple skill
A skill that requires few decisions when being performed.
95
Definition: Complex skill
A skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed.
96
Definition: Transfer
The effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another.
97
Definition: Positive transfer
when the learning of one skill helps with the learning of another.
98
Definition: Negative transfer
when the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another.
99
Definition: Zero transfer
when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another.
100
Definition: Bilateral transfer
when the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb.
101
Definition: Learning
A permanent change in behavior as a result practice.
102
Definition: Performance
A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many internal and external influences.
103
Definition: Cognitive stage of learning
The first stage of learning, used by a novice. Understanding and sub-routines are explored by trial and error.
104
Definition: Associative stage of learning
The second stage of learning as motor programs are developed and performance is smoother.
105
Definition: Autonomous stage of learning
The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific.
106
Definition: Plateau
A period of no improvement in performance.
107
Definition: Feedback
Information to aid error correction.
108
Definition: Positive feedback
Encouragement.
109
Definition: Negative feedback
Error correction.
110
Definition: Extrinsic feedback
From an outside source.
111
Definition: Intrinsic feedback
From within.
112
Definition: Knowledge of results (KR)
Concerns and outcome.
113
Definition: Knowledge of performance (KP)
About technique.
114
Definition: Video guidance
Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration for example.
115
Definition: Verbal guidance
An explanation.
116
Definition: Manual guidance
Physical support.
117
Definition: Mechanical guidance
An artificial aid.
118
Definition: Attention
Making the demonstration attractive to the performer.
119
Definition: Retention
Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it.
120
Definition: Social development
Learning by association with others.
121
Definition: Motivation
Having the drive to do the task.
122
Definition: Motor production
Having the mental and physical ability to do the task.
123
Definition: Inter psychological learning
Learning from others externally.
124
Definition: Intra psychological learning
Learning using others or an MKO to develop knowledge.
125
Definition: Constructivism
Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance.
126
Definition: Zone of proximal development
The next stage of learning based on the performers needs, expectations and current level of performance.
127
Definition: Insight learning
Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill.
128
Definition: Attitude
A value aimed at an attitude object.
129
Definition: Triadic model
The three parts of an attitude, cognitive behavioral and affective.
130
Definition: Cognitive component
A belief, such as the belief in ability to win.
131
Definition: Affective component
Relates to feelings and interpretation such as enjoyment.
132
Definition: Behavioural component
The actions of the performer.
133
Definition: Cognitive dissonance
New information given to the performer to cause unease and motivate change.
134
Definition: Persuasion
An effective communication to promote change.
135
Definition: Drive theory
As arousal increases, so does performances, P = f(D x H)
136
Definition: Dominant response
The stand out response that the performer thinks is correct.
137
Definition: Inverted U theory
Theory linking arousal and performance by stating that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point at moderate levels of arousal.
138
Definition: Catastrophe theory
Theory suggesting that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point but there is a dramatic reduction in performance when arousal increases beyond the optimal level.
139
Definition: Somatic anxiety
Physiological anxiety.
140
Definition: Cognitive anxiety
Psychological anxiety.
141
definition: Zone of Optimal performane
Area of controlled arousal and high level performance.
142
Definition: Anxiety
A level of nerves and irrational thinking.
143
Definition: Competitive state anxiety
A nervous response to specific sporting situations.
144
Definition: Competitive trait anxiety
A disposition to suffer from nervousness in most sporting situations.
145
Definition: Somatic anxiety
A physiological response to a threat such as increased heart rate.
146
Definition: Cognitive anxiety
A psychological response such as worrying about losing.
147
Definition: Questionnaire
A set of questions to measure or assess something, in this case anxiety.
148
Definition: Sports competition anxiety test (SCAT)
A questionnaire used by sports psychologists to measure anxiety.
149
Definition: Competitive sports anxiety inventory (CSAI)
A questionnaire used by sports psychologists to measure anxiety.
150
Definition: Aggression
Intent to harm outside the rules; hostile behavior.
151
Definition: Assertion
Well-motivated behavior within the rules.
152
Definition: Instrumental agression
Has an intent but is within the rules.
153
Definition: Instinct theory
When aggression is spontaneous and innate.
154
Definition: Catharsis
Cleansing the emotions; using sport as an outlet for aggression.
155
Definition: Aggressive cue hypothesis
Suggests that aggression is caused by a learned trigger.
156
Definition: Social learning theory
Learning by associating with others and copying behavior.
157
Definition: Glycolysis
A process in which glucose is converted to pyruvate to produce energy.
158
Definition: Sarcoplasm
The fluid that surrounds the nucleus of muscle fibre and is the site where anaerobic respiration takes place.
159
Definition: Krebs cycle
A series of cyclical chemical reactions that take place using oxygen in the matrix of mitochondria.
160
Definition: Electron transport chain
Involves a series of chemical reactions in the cristae of the mitochondria where hydrogen is oxidised to water and 34 ATP are produced.
161
Definition: Phosphocreatine
An energy rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of the muscle.
162
Definition: Anaerobic
A reaction that can occur without the presence of oxygen.
163
Definition: Coupled reaction
When energy required by one process is supplied by another process.
164
Definition: Energy continuum
A term which describes the type of respiration used by physical activities. Whether it is aerobic or anaerobic respiration depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise.
165
Definition: Indirect calorimetry
Measures the production of CO2 and or the consumption of O2.
166
Definition: Lactate sampling
Analysing the blood to measure the amount of lactate present.
167
Definition: Respiratory exchange ratio
The ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed.
168
Definition: Oxygen consumption
The amount of oxygen we use to make ATP
169
Definition: VO2 Max
The maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute.
170
Definition: Sub-maximal oxygen deficit
When there is not enough oxygen available at the start of exercise to provide all of the energy (ATP) aerobically.
171
Definition: Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time.
172
Definition: Fast component
The restoration of ATP and phosphocreatine stores and the re-saturation of myoglobin with oxygen.
173
Definition: Cori cycle
The process where lactic acid is transported to the liver, where it is converted to blood glucose and glycogen.
174
Definition: Lactate threshold
The point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood.
175
Definition: Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)
The point when lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per litre.
176
Definition: Buffering
A process which aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels in the blood and muscle.
177
Definition: Altitude training
Usually done at 2500m+ above sea level where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower.
178
Definition: Plyometrics
Involves repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power.
179
Definition: Eccentric phase
Lengthening the muscle under tension using an eccentric contraction.
180
Definition: Amortisation phase
Time between the eccentric contraction and the concentric contraction
181
Definition: Concentric contraction
Stored energy used to perform high force concentric contraction.
182
Definition: Acute injury
A sudden injury caused by a specific impact or traumatic event where a sharp pain is felt immediately.
183
Definition: Chronic injury
Often referred to as overuse injuries.
184
Definition: Lateral epicondylitis
The medical term for tennis elbow.
185
Definition: ECG
Stands for an electrocardiogram machine where electrodes are placed onto the player's chest and the wires connect to an ECG machine and a printout is produced of the hearts electrical activity.
186
Definition: Active stretch
When the stretched position is held by the contraction of an agonist muscle.
187
Definition: Passive stretch
Uses an external force to help the stretched position.
188
Definition: Static stretch
When the muscle is held in a stationary position for 10 seconds or more.
189
Definition: Ballistic stretch
Uses swinging and bouncing movements.
190
Definition: Cryotherapy
The use of cold temperatures to treat an injury.
191
Definition: RICE
Stands for rest, ice compression elevation.
192
Definition: Deep vein thrombosis
A blood clot in one of the deep veins in the body.
193
Definition: Soft tissue
Includes tendons, ligaments, muscles, nerves and blood vessels.
194
Definition: Oedema
A build up of fluid which causes swelling.
195
Definition: Non REM sleep
Means there is no rapid eye movement. It consists of three stages of sleep which get progressively deeper.
196
Definition: Scalar quantity
Quantities that just have size.
197
Definition: Vector quantity
Quantities that have size and direction.
198
Definition: Mass
The quantity of matter that the body possesses.
199
Definition: Weight
The gravitational force exerted on an object.
200
Definition: Distance
Measured in meters and is the path the body takes moving from the starting position to the finish.
201
Definition: Displacement
Measured in meters and is the shortest route in a straight line between the starting and finishing position.
202
Definition: Speed
A measurement in meters/second of the bodies movement per unit of time with no reference to direction.
203
Definition: Acceleration
Measured in ms^-2 (m/s/s) and is the rate of change of velocity.
204
Definition: Velocity
Measured in meters/second and is the rate of change of displacement.
205
Definition: Momentum
Mass times velocity (Kgm/s)
206
Definition: External force
Comes from outside the body.
207
Definition: Internal forces
Is generated by the skeletal muscles.
208
Definition: Reaction force
This occurs when to bodies are in contact with one another.
209
Definition: Friction
Occurs when two or more bodies are in contact with one another.
210
Definition: Air resistance
A force that acts in the opposite direction to the motion of a body travelling through the air.
211
Definition: Impulse
Impulse = Force x time
212
Definition: Net impulse
A combination of positive and negative impulses.
213
Definition: Torque
The rotational consequence of a force.
214
Definition: Radian
The unit of measurement for angles.
215
Definition: Angular displacement
The smallest change in angle between the start and finish point of a rotation.
216
Definition: Angualr velocity
The rate of change of angular displacement.
217
Definition: Angualr acceleration
The rate of change of angular velocity.
218
Definition: Angular momentum
Spin.
219
Definition: Horizontal displacement
The shortest distance from the starting point to the finishing point in a line parallel to the ground.
220
Definition: Porabola
A curve with matching left and right hand sides.
221
Definition: Horizontal component
The horizontal motion of an object.
222
Definition: Vertical component
The upward motion of an object.
223
Definition: Information processing
The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilized.
224
Definition: Display
The sporting environment.
225
Definition: Receptor systems
The senses that pick up information from the display.
226
Definition: Proprioceptors
The senses that provide internal information from within the body.
227
Definition: Kinesthesis
The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension.
228
Definition: Selective attention
Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information.
229
Definition: Stimuli
The important and relevant information from the display, such as the flight of the ball.
230
Definition: Perception
The process of coding and interpreting sensory information.
231
Definition: Translatory mechanisms
Adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that a decision can be made.
232
Definition: Effector mechanisms
The network of nerves that send coded impulses to the muscles.
233
Definition: Working memory
So named since it performs a number of functions.
234
Definition: Control executive
The control centre of the working memory model, it uses three other 'systems' to control all the information moving in and out of the memory system.
235
Definition: Phonological loop
Deals with auditory information from the senses and helps produce the memory trace.
236
Definition: Visuospatial sketchpad
Used to temporarily store visual and spatial information.
237
Definition: Episodic buffer
Co-ordinate the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long term memory.
238
Definition: Long term memory (LTM)
Receives information from the working memory and has an unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes.
239
Definition: Association
Linking the stored actions of a skill to the stored emotions or other action.
240
Definition: Mental practice
Going over the action in the mind without physical movement.
241
Definition: Chunking
Breaking the skilled action into parts or sub-routines.
242
Definition: Initial conditions
Information from the environment.
243
Definition: Response specification
Information about what to do.
244
Definition: Recall schema
Initiates movement, comes before the action.
245
Definition: Recognition schema
Controls movement, happens during the action.
246
Definition: Sensory consequences
Information about the feel of the movement.
247
Definition: Response outcome
Feedback about the result.
248
Definition: Varried practice
Changing the type and content of the practice session.
249
Definition: Movement time
The time taken to complete the task.
250
Definition: Response time
The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task. Response time = Reaction time + Movement time.
251
Definition: Hick's law
Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases.
252
Definition: Anticipation
Pre-judging a stimulus.
253
Definition: Temporal anticipation
When it is going to happen.
254
Definition: Spatial anticipation
Where and what is going to happen.
255
Definition: Achievement motivation
The tendency to approach or avoid competitive situations. Summed up as the drive to succeed minus the fear of failure.
256
Definition: Need to achive (NACH)
The need to achieve; approach behaviour. The player welcomes competition.
257
Definition: Need to avoid failure (NAF)
The need to avoid failure; avoidance behaviour. The player who avoids risk.
258
Definition: Interaction
The combination of the situational and personality factors that decide the level of achievement motivation.
259
Definition: Trait confidence
A belief in the ability to do well in a range of sports.
260
Definition: State confidence
A belief in the ability to master a specific sporting moment.
261
Definition: Competitive orientation
The degree to which a performer is drawn to challenging situations.
262
Definition: Objective confidence
The performance takes into account the situation in which the task is being undertaken.
263
Definition: Self efficacy
A belief in the ability to master a specific sporting situation.
264
Definition: Performance accomplishments
What you have achieved already.
265
Definition: Vicarious experience
Seeing others do the task.
266
Definition: Verbal persuasion
Encouragement from others.
267
Definition: Emotional arousal
A perception of the effects of anxiety on performance.
268
Definition: Leader
Someone who has influence in helping others achieve their goals.
269
Definition: Prescribed leader
Appointed from outside the group.
270
Definition: Emergent leader
Appointed from within the group.
271
Definition: Autocratic leader
Leader makes the decisions.
272
Definition: Democratic
Decisions are made by group consultations.
273
Definition: Person orientated leadership
Concerned with interpersonal relationships.
274
Definition: Task leadership
Concerned with getting results.
275
Definition: Required behaviour
What the situation demands.
276
Definition: Actual behaviour
What the leader decides to do in relation to leadership style.
277
Definition: Preferred behaviour
What the group wants.
278
Definition: Stress
A negative response of the body to a threat causing anxiety.
279
Definition: Eustress
A positive response of the body to a threat.
280
Definition: Cognitive
psychological
281
Definition: Somatic
Physiological
282
Definition: Cue-Utilisation
The ability to process information is directly linked to the level of arousal.
283
Describe: ATP-PC system
Source - Phosphocreatine
Duration - 8-12 seconds
Intensity - High intensity
Process - Phosphocreatine, broken down to provide energy for resynthesis of ATP
284
Describe: Lactate-anaerobic system
Source - Glucose/glycogen
Duration - 12 seconds - 3 minutes
Intensity - High-medium intensity
Process - Glycolysis, yield of 2 ATP
285
Describe: Aerobic system
Source - Glucose/glycogen, Fat/lipids, requires oxygen
Duration - > 3 minutes
Intensity - Low intensity
Process - Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain
286
Definition: Slow component
Removal of lactic acid, maintain high heart and breathing rates, maintain high body temperature.
287
Definition: Streamlining
Involves shaping a body so it can move as effectively and quickly through a fluid as possible.
288
Definition: Lift force
Causes a body to move perpendicular to the direction of travel.
289
Definition: Bernoulli principle
Where air molecules exert less pressure the faster they travel and more pressure when they travel slower.
290
Definition: Angle of attack
The tilt of a projectile relative to the air flow.
291
Definition: Attribution
A perception for the reason for an outcome of an event.
292
Definition: Internal attribute
Within the performers control.
293
Definition: External attribute
Outside the performers control.
294
Definition: Stable attribute
Unlikely to change in the short-term.
295
Definition: Unstable attribute
Can change in a short amount of time.
296
Definition: Self serving bias
Using external and/or unstable reasons for losing.
297
Definition: Learned helplessness
Using internal/stable reasons for losing.
298
Definition: Attribution retraining
Changing the reasons given for success and failure.
299
123/FRE
Levers:
Class 1 - Fulcrum in the middle
Class 2 - Resistance in the middle
Class 3 - Effort in the middle
300
Class 1 lever
A balancing lever. Example: The head, effort is applied by muscles in the back of the neck, the fulcrum is the Atlas at the top of the spine and the load/resistance is the weight of the head.
301
Class 2 lever
A load baring lever. Example, wheelbarrow, or foot. The fulcrum is the ball of the foot, the load/resistance is the weight of the body coming down through the leg and the effort is applied by the calf muscle.
302
Class 3 lever
Allows a large range of motion. Example: the arm, the fulcrum is the elbow, the load/resistance is in the hand and the effort is applied on the forearm by the bicep.
303
Simple carbohydrates
Sugars (Fructose, Glucose)
304
Complex carbohydrates
Starch (Bread, rice, potatoes)
305
Macro-nutrients
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
306
Micro-Nutrients
Water
Vitamins
Minerals
Fibre
307
Triglycerides
Stored fats
308
Fatty acids
Usable form of fats for energy production
309
Minerals
Tissue functioning, cell permeability, transmission of nerve impulses. E.g., iron, sodium, phosphorus.
310
Vitamins
Used for immune system and body maintenance. Found in fruits and vegetables.
311
Water soluble vitamins
B, C
312
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E
313
Fibre
Cleans the digestive system and reduces the absorption of cholesterol and fats.
314
Caffeine
Provides more energy by using up fats stores and saving glycogen stores.
315
EPO
Increases number of red blood cells.
316
Anabolic steroids
Increases protein synthesis to repair muscles.
317
HGH (Human growth hormone)
Regulates growth, can be used to repair muscle, tissue and bones.
318
Beta Blockers
Thins the blood, thus reducing heart rate to help the athlete focus.
319
Diuretics
Increases urination to help the athlete lose weight.
320
Stimulants
Increases heart rate, body temperature, metabolic rate and blood pressure, decreases fatigue. Makes the athlete alert and hyper.
321
Borg scale
A 15 point scale from 6-20 in which athletes can rate the intensity of their exercise. It can directly compare to heart rate, with 60 bpm being the perceived minimum and 200 bpm being the perceived maximum.
