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A-Level > P.E > Flashcards

P.E Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: Myogenic

A

The capacity of the heart to generate it’s own impulses.

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2
Q

Definition: Sinoatrial node (SAN)

A

A small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat. It is more commonly known called the pacemaker.

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3
Q

Definition: Atrioventricular node (AVN)

A

This node relays impulses between the upper and lower sections of the heart.

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4
Q

Definition: Bundle of His

A

A collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN to the bundle branches to the ventricles.

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5
Q

Definition: Purkinje fibres

A

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricals.

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6
Q

Definition: Sympathetic nervous system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate.

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7
Q

Definition: Parasympathetic nervous system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate.

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8
Q

Definition: Medulla Oblongata

A

The most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate.

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9
Q

Definition: Chemoreceptors

A

Tiny structures in the carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide.

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10
Q

Definition: Baroreceptors

A

Special sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, carotid valve, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate.

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11
Q

Definition: Proprioceptors

A

Sensory nerve endings in the muscles and tendons that detect movement of muscles.

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12
Q

Definition: Adrenaline

A

A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes an increase in heart rate.

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13
Q

Definition: Stroke Volume

A

The Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.

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14
Q

Definition: Diastole phase

A

When the heart relaxes to fill with blood.

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15
Q

Definition: Ejection fraction

A

The percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.

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16
Q

Definition: Cardiac output

A

The Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute.

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17
Q

Definition: Cardiac hypertrophy

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger, also can mean a larger ventricular cavity.

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18
Q

Definition: Bradycardia

A

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute.

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19
Q

Definition: Atherosclerosis

A

Occurs when arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits.

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20
Q

Definition: Atheroma

A

A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery.

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21
Q

Definition: Angina

A

Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted.

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22
Q

Definition: Stroke

A

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off.

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23
Q

Definition: Steady State

A

Where the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply.

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24
Q

Definition: Blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel Wall.

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25
Q

Definition: Systolic pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting.

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26
Q

Definition: Diastolic pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing.

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27
Q

Definition: Venous return

A

The return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava.

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28
Q

Definition: Plasma

A

The fluid part of blood (mainly water) that surrounds blood cells and transports them.

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29
Q

Definition: Haemoglobin

A

An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.

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30
Q

Definition: Myoglobin

A

Often called the ‘muscle haemoglobin’. It is an iron-containing muscle pigment in slow twitch muscle fibres which has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin. It stores oxygen in the muscle fibres which can be used quickly when exercise begins.

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31
Q

Definition: Mitochondria

A

Often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell as respiration and energy production occur there.

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32
Q

Definition: Bohr shift

A

When an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin.

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33
Q

Definition: pH

A

A measure of acidity. The range goes from 1 - 14 and anything less than 7 indicates acidity.

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34
Q

Definition: Vascular shunt mechanism

A

The redistribution of cardiac output.

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35
Q

Definition: Vasodilation

A

The widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into capillaries.

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36
Q

Definition: Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce the blood flow into capillaries.

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37
Q

Definition: Aterio-venous difference

A

The difference between the partial pressure of oxygen or the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles.

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38
Q

Definition: Diffusion

A

The movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration or partial pressure to an area of low concentration or partial pressure.

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39
Q

Definition: Gaseous exchange

A

The movement of oxygen in the air into the blood and carbon dioxide in the blood into the air.

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40
Q

Definition: Tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath.

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41
Q

Definition: Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Volume of air that can forcibly be inspired after a normal breath.

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42
Q

Definition: Expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a breath.

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43
Q

Definition: Residual volume

A

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration.

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44
Q

Definition: Spirometer

A

A device that is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs.

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45
Q

Definition: Partial pressure

A

The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gasses.

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46
Q

Definition: Concentration/Diffusion gradient

A

Often referred to as the concentration gradient; It explains how gases flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The steeper the gradient (greater difference between two concentration levels) the faster diffusion occurs.

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47
Q

Definition: Cillia

A

Cilia are microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles.

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48
Q

Definition: COPD

A

A chronic and debilitating disease and is name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema. The main cause of emphysema is smoking. It is a long-term, progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath.

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49
Q

Definition: Aerobic

A

Literally means ‘with oxygen’ so it refers to exercise that is low to medium intensity where oxygen demand of the muscles can be met.

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50
Q

Definition: Anaerobic

A

Means ‘without oxygen’ and refers to exercise with high intensity such as sprinting, where demand of oxygen by the muscles is so high it cannot be met.

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51
Q

Definition: Hypertrophy

A

Where the muscle has become bigger and stronger.

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52
Q

Definition: Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and its muscle fibres.

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53
Q

Definition: Motor neurones

A

Nerve cells which transmit the brains instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles.

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54
Q

Definition: Neuromuscular junction

A

Where the motor neuron and the muscle fiber meet.

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55
Q

Definition: All or none law

A

Where a sequence of impulses has to be sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibers in a motor unit in order for them to contract. If not, none of them contract.

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56
Q

Definition: Wave summation

A

Where there is a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relate so a smooth, sustained contraction occur, rather than twitches.

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57
Q

Definition: Spatial summation

A

When the strength of contraction changes by altering the number and size of the muscles motor units.

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58
Q

Definition: Tetanic contraction

A

A sustained muscles contraction. Caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli.

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59
Q

Muscle spindles

A

These detect how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produce the stretch reflex.

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60
Q

Definition: Golgi tendon organs

A

These are activated when there is tension in a muscle.

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61
Q

Definition: Isometric contraction

A

Where there is tension in a muscle but no visible movement.

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62
Q

Definition: Autogenic inhibition

A

Where there is a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension. The receptors involved in this process are Golgi tendon organs.

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63
Q

Definition: Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into the right and left halves.

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64
Q

Definition: Frontal plane

A

Divides the body into front and back halves.

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65
Q

Definition: Transverse plane

A

Divides the body into upper and lower halves.

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66
Q

Definition: Transverse axis

A

Runs from side to side across the body.

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67
Q

Definition: Sagittal axis

A

runs from back to front.

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68
Q

Definition: Longitudinal axis

A

Run from top to bottom.

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69
Q

Definition: Flextion

A

Decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint.

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70
Q

Definition: Extension

A

Increasing the angle between the bones of a joint.

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71
Q

Definition: Plantarflextion

A

Pointing the toes.

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72
Q

Definition: Dorsi-flextion

A

Pulling the toes upwards.

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73
Q

Definition: Hyper-extension

A

Increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint.

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74
Q

Definition: Agonist

A

The muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occurring.

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75
Q

Definition: Antagonist

A

The muscle that works in opposition to the agonist (to help produce coordinated movement.

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76
Q

Definition: Concentric contraction

A

When a muscle shortens under the sign.

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77
Q

Definition: Eccentric contraction

A

When a muscle lengthens under tension or performs negative work and acts as a brake.

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78
Q

Definition: Isometric contraction

A

When a muscle is under tension but there is no visible movement.

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79
Q

Definition: Cholesterol

A

A type of fat found in the blood.

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80
Q

Definition: Amino Acids

A

Used in all body cells to build protein.

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81
Q

Definition: Electrolytes

A

Salts and minerals found in the blood that can conduct electrical impulses in the body.

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82
Q

Definition: Dehydration

A

Occurs when the body is losing more fluid than it is taking in.

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83
Q

Definition Skill

A

The learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both.

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84
Q

Definition: Open skill

A

A skill performed in an unpredictable environment.

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85
Q

Definition: Closed skill

A

A skill performed in a predictable environment.

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86
Q

Definition: Gross skill

A

A skill that uses large muscle groups.

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87
Q

Definition: Fine skill

A

A skill that uses small muscle groups.

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88
Q

Definition: Self paced skill

A

When the performer controls the start and speed of the skill.

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89
Q

Definition: Externally paced skill

A

When the performer has no control over the start or speed of the skill.

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90
Q

Definition: Discrete skill

A

A skill that has a clear beginning and end.

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91
Q

Definition: Serial skill

A

A skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement.

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92
Q

Definition: Low organised skill

A

A skill that is easily broken into parts.

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93
Q

Definition: High organised skill

A

A skill that is not easily broken into parts.

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94
Q

Definition: Simple skill

A

A skill that requires few decisions when being performed.

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95
Q

Definition: Complex skill

A

A skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed.

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96
Q

Definition: Transfer

A

The effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another.

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97
Q

Definition: Positive transfer

A

when the learning of one skill helps with the learning of another.

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98
Q

Definition: Negative transfer

A

when the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another.

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99
Q

Definition: Zero transfer

A

when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another.

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100
Q

Definition: Bilateral transfer

A

when the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb.

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101
Q

Definition: Learning

A

A permanent change in behavior as a result practice.

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102
Q

Definition: Performance

A

A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many internal and external influences.

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103
Q

Definition: Cognitive stage of learning

A

The first stage of learning, used by a novice. Understanding and sub-routines are explored by trial and error.

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104
Q

Definition: Associative stage of learning

A

The second stage of learning as motor programs are developed and performance is smoother.

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105
Q

Definition: Autonomous stage of learning

A

The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific.

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106
Q

Definition: Plateau

A

A period of no improvement in performance.

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107
Q

Definition: Feedback

A

Information to aid error correction.

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108
Q

Definition: Positive feedback

A

Encouragement.

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109
Q

Definition: Negative feedback

A

Error correction.

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110
Q

Definition: Extrinsic feedback

A

From an outside source.

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111
Q

Definition: Intrinsic feedback

A

From within.

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112
Q

Definition: Knowledge of results (KR)

A

Concerns and outcome.

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113
Q

Definition: Knowledge of performance (KP)

A

About technique.

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114
Q

Definition: Video guidance

A

Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration for example.

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115
Q

Definition: Verbal guidance

A

An explanation.

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116
Q

Definition: Manual guidance

A

Physical support.

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117
Q

Definition: Mechanical guidance

A

An artificial aid.

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118
Q

Definition: Attention

A

Making the demonstration attractive to the performer.

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119
Q

Definition: Retention

A

Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it.

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120
Q

Definition: Social development

A

Learning by association with others.

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121
Q

Definition: Motivation

A

Having the drive to do the task.

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122
Q

Definition: Motor production

A

Having the mental and physical ability to do the task.

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123
Q

Definition: Inter psychological learning

A

Learning from others externally.

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124
Q

Definition: Intra psychological learning

A

Learning using others or an MKO to develop knowledge.

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125
Q

Definition: Constructivism

A

Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance.

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126
Q

Definition: Zone of proximal development

A

The next stage of learning based on the performers needs, expectations and current level of performance.

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127
Q

Definition: Insight learning

A

Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill.

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128
Q

Definition: Attitude

A

A value aimed at an attitude object.

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129
Q

Definition: Triadic model

A

The three parts of an attitude, cognitive behavioral and affective.

130
Q

Definition: Cognitive component

A

A belief, such as the belief in ability to win.

131
Q

Definition: Affective component

A

Relates to feelings and interpretation such as enjoyment.

132
Q

Definition: Behavioural component

A

The actions of the performer.

133
Q

Definition: Cognitive dissonance

A

New information given to the performer to cause unease and motivate change.

134
Q

Definition: Persuasion

A

An effective communication to promote change.

135
Q

Definition: Drive theory

A

As arousal increases, so does performances, P = f(D x H)

136
Q

Definition: Dominant response

A

The stand out response that the performer thinks is correct.

137
Q

Definition: Inverted U theory

A

Theory linking arousal and performance by stating that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point at moderate levels of arousal.

138
Q

Definition: Catastrophe theory

A

Theory suggesting that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point but there is a dramatic reduction in performance when arousal increases beyond the optimal level.

139
Q

Definition: Somatic anxiety

A

Physiological anxiety.

140
Q

Definition: Cognitive anxiety

A

Psychological anxiety.

141
Q

definition: Zone of Optimal performane

A

Area of controlled arousal and high level performance.

142
Q

Definition: Anxiety

A

A level of nerves and irrational thinking.

143
Q

Definition: Competitive state anxiety

A

A nervous response to specific sporting situations.

144
Q

Definition: Competitive trait anxiety

A

A disposition to suffer from nervousness in most sporting situations.

145
Q

Definition: Somatic anxiety

A

A physiological response to a threat such as increased heart rate.

146
Q

Definition: Cognitive anxiety

A

A psychological response such as worrying about losing.

147
Q

Definition: Questionnaire

A

A set of questions to measure or assess something, in this case anxiety.

148
Q

Definition: Sports competition anxiety test (SCAT)

A

A questionnaire used by sports psychologists to measure anxiety.

149
Q

Definition: Competitive sports anxiety inventory (CSAI)

A

A questionnaire used by sports psychologists to measure anxiety.

150
Q

Definition: Aggression

A

Intent to harm outside the rules; hostile behavior.

151
Q

Definition: Assertion

A

Well-motivated behavior within the rules.

152
Q

Definition: Instrumental agression

A

Has an intent but is within the rules.

153
Q

Definition: Instinct theory

A

When aggression is spontaneous and innate.

154
Q

Definition: Catharsis

A

Cleansing the emotions; using sport as an outlet for aggression.

155
Q

Definition: Aggressive cue hypothesis

A

Suggests that aggression is caused by a learned trigger.

156
Q

Definition: Social learning theory

A

Learning by associating with others and copying behavior.

157
Q

Definition: Glycolysis

A

A process in which glucose is converted to pyruvate to produce energy.

158
Q

Definition: Sarcoplasm

A

The fluid that surrounds the nucleus of muscle fibre and is the site where anaerobic respiration takes place.

159
Q

Definition: Krebs cycle

A

A series of cyclical chemical reactions that take place using oxygen in the matrix of mitochondria.

160
Q

Definition: Electron transport chain

A

Involves a series of chemical reactions in the cristae of the mitochondria where hydrogen is oxidised to water and 34 ATP are produced.

161
Q

Definition: Phosphocreatine

A

An energy rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of the muscle.

162
Q

Definition: Anaerobic

A

A reaction that can occur without the presence of oxygen.

163
Q

Definition: Coupled reaction

A

When energy required by one process is supplied by another process.

164
Q

Definition: Energy continuum

A

A term which describes the type of respiration used by physical activities. Whether it is aerobic or anaerobic respiration depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise.

165
Q

Definition: Indirect calorimetry

A

Measures the production of CO2 and or the consumption of O2.

166
Q

Definition: Lactate sampling

A

Analysing the blood to measure the amount of lactate present.

167
Q

Definition: Respiratory exchange ratio

A

The ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed.

168
Q

Definition: Oxygen consumption

A

The amount of oxygen we use to make ATP

169
Q

Definition: VO2 Max

A

The maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute.

170
Q

Definition: Sub-maximal oxygen deficit

A

When there is not enough oxygen available at the start of exercise to provide all of the energy (ATP) aerobically.

171
Q

Definition: Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time.

172
Q

Definition: Fast component

A

The restoration of ATP and phosphocreatine stores and the re-saturation of myoglobin with oxygen.

173
Q

Definition: Cori cycle

A

The process where lactic acid is transported to the liver, where it is converted to blood glucose and glycogen.

174
Q

Definition: Lactate threshold

A

The point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood.

175
Q

Definition: Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)

A

The point when lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per litre.

176
Q

Definition: Buffering

A

A process which aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels in the blood and muscle.

177
Q

Definition: Altitude training

A

Usually done at 2500m+ above sea level where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower.

178
Q

Definition: Plyometrics

A

Involves repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power.

179
Q

Definition: Eccentric phase

A

Lengthening the muscle under tension using an eccentric contraction.

180
Q

Definition: Amortisation phase

A

Time between the eccentric contraction and the concentric contraction

181
Q

Definition: Concentric contraction

A

Stored energy used to perform high force concentric contraction.

182
Q

Definition: Acute injury

A

A sudden injury caused by a specific impact or traumatic event where a sharp pain is felt immediately.

183
Q

Definition: Chronic injury

A

Often referred to as overuse injuries.

184
Q

Definition: Lateral epicondylitis

A

The medical term for tennis elbow.

185
Q

Definition: ECG

A

Stands for an electrocardiogram machine where electrodes are placed onto the player’s chest and the wires connect to an ECG machine and a printout is produced of the hearts electrical activity.

186
Q

Definition: Active stretch

A

When the stretched position is held by the contraction of an agonist muscle.

187
Q

Definition: Passive stretch

A

Uses an external force to help the stretched position.

188
Q

Definition: Static stretch

A

When the muscle is held in a stationary position for 10 seconds or more.

189
Q

Definition: Ballistic stretch

A

Uses swinging and bouncing movements.

190
Q

Definition: Cryotherapy

A

The use of cold temperatures to treat an injury.

191
Q

Definition: RICE

A

Stands for rest, ice compression elevation.

192
Q

Definition: Deep vein thrombosis

A

A blood clot in one of the deep veins in the body.

193
Q

Definition: Soft tissue

A

Includes tendons, ligaments, muscles, nerves and blood vessels.

194
Q

Definition: Oedema

A

A build up of fluid which causes swelling.

195
Q

Definition: Non REM sleep

A

Means there is no rapid eye movement. It consists of three stages of sleep which get progressively deeper.

196
Q

Definition: Scalar quantity

A

Quantities that just have size.

197
Q

Definition: Vector quantity

A

Quantities that have size and direction.

198
Q

Definition: Mass

A

The quantity of matter that the body possesses.

199
Q

Definition: Weight

A

The gravitational force exerted on an object.

200
Q

Definition: Distance

A

Measured in meters and is the path the body takes moving from the starting position to the finish.

201
Q

Definition: Displacement

A

Measured in meters and is the shortest route in a straight line between the starting and finishing position.

202
Q

Definition: Speed

A

A measurement in meters/second of the bodies movement per unit of time with no reference to direction.

203
Q

Definition: Acceleration

A

Measured in ms^-2 (m/s/s) and is the rate of change of velocity.

204
Q

Definition: Velocity

A

Measured in meters/second and is the rate of change of displacement.

205
Q

Definition: Momentum

A

Mass times velocity (Kgm/s)

206
Q

Definition: External force

A

Comes from outside the body.

207
Q

Definition: Internal forces

A

Is generated by the skeletal muscles.

208
Q

Definition: Reaction force

A

This occurs when to bodies are in contact with one another.

209
Q

Definition: Friction

A

Occurs when two or more bodies are in contact with one another.

210
Q

Definition: Air resistance

A

A force that acts in the opposite direction to the motion of a body travelling through the air.

211
Q

Definition: Impulse

A

Impulse = Force x time

212
Q

Definition: Net impulse

A

A combination of positive and negative impulses.

213
Q

Definition: Torque

A

The rotational consequence of a force.

214
Q

Definition: Radian

A

The unit of measurement for angles.

215
Q

Definition: Angular displacement

A

The smallest change in angle between the start and finish point of a rotation.

216
Q

Definition: Angualr velocity

A

The rate of change of angular displacement.

217
Q

Definition: Angualr acceleration

A

The rate of change of angular velocity.

218
Q

Definition: Angular momentum

A

Spin.

219
Q

Definition: Horizontal displacement

A

The shortest distance from the starting point to the finishing point in a line parallel to the ground.

220
Q

Definition: Porabola

A

A curve with matching left and right hand sides.

221
Q

Definition: Horizontal component

A

The horizontal motion of an object.

222
Q

Definition: Vertical component

A

The upward motion of an object.

223
Q

Definition: Information processing

A

The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilized.

224
Q

Definition: Display

A

The sporting environment.

225
Q

Definition: Receptor systems

A

The senses that pick up information from the display.

226
Q

Definition: Proprioceptors

A

The senses that provide internal information from within the body.

227
Q

Definition: Kinesthesis

A

The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension.

228
Q

Definition: Selective attention

A

Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information.

229
Q

Definition: Stimuli

A

The important and relevant information from the display, such as the flight of the ball.

230
Q

Definition: Perception

A

The process of coding and interpreting sensory information.

231
Q

Definition: Translatory mechanisms

A

Adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that a decision can be made.

232
Q

Definition: Effector mechanisms

A

The network of nerves that send coded impulses to the muscles.

233
Q

Definition: Working memory

A

So named since it performs a number of functions.

234
Q

Definition: Control executive

A

The control centre of the working memory model, it uses three other ‘systems’ to control all the information moving in and out of the memory system.

235
Q

Definition: Phonological loop

A

Deals with auditory information from the senses and helps produce the memory trace.

236
Q

Definition: Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Used to temporarily store visual and spatial information.

237
Q

Definition: Episodic buffer

A

Co-ordinate the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long term memory.

238
Q

Definition: Long term memory (LTM)

A

Receives information from the working memory and has an unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes.

239
Q

Definition: Association

A

Linking the stored actions of a skill to the stored emotions or other action.

240
Q

Definition: Mental practice

A

Going over the action in the mind without physical movement.

241
Q

Definition: Chunking

A

Breaking the skilled action into parts or sub-routines.

242
Q

Definition: Initial conditions

A

Information from the environment.

243
Q

Definition: Response specification

A

Information about what to do.

244
Q

Definition: Recall schema

A

Initiates movement, comes before the action.

245
Q

Definition: Recognition schema

A

Controls movement, happens during the action.

246
Q

Definition: Sensory consequences

A

Information about the feel of the movement.

247
Q

Definition: Response outcome

A

Feedback about the result.

248
Q

Definition: Varried practice

A

Changing the type and content of the practice session.

249
Q

Definition: Movement time

A

The time taken to complete the task.

250
Q

Definition: Response time

A

The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task. Response time = Reaction time + Movement time.

251
Q

Definition: Hick’s law

A

Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases.

252
Q

Definition: Anticipation

A

Pre-judging a stimulus.

253
Q

Definition: Temporal anticipation

A

When it is going to happen.

254
Q

Definition: Spatial anticipation

A

Where and what is going to happen.

255
Q

Definition: Achievement motivation

A

The tendency to approach or avoid competitive situations. Summed up as the drive to succeed minus the fear of failure.

256
Q

Definition: Need to achive (NACH)

A

The need to achieve; approach behaviour. The player welcomes competition.

257
Q

Definition: Need to avoid failure (NAF)

A

The need to avoid failure; avoidance behaviour. The player who avoids risk.

258
Q

Definition: Interaction

A

The combination of the situational and personality factors that decide the level of achievement motivation.

259
Q

Definition: Trait confidence

A

A belief in the ability to do well in a range of sports.

260
Q

Definition: State confidence

A

A belief in the ability to master a specific sporting moment.

261
Q

Definition: Competitive orientation

A

The degree to which a performer is drawn to challenging situations.

262
Q

Definition: Objective confidence

A

The performance takes into account the situation in which the task is being undertaken.

263
Q

Definition: Self efficacy

A

A belief in the ability to master a specific sporting situation.

264
Q

Definition: Performance accomplishments

A

What you have achieved already.

265
Q

Definition: Vicarious experience

A

Seeing others do the task.

266
Q

Definition: Verbal persuasion

A

Encouragement from others.

267
Q

Definition: Emotional arousal

A

A perception of the effects of anxiety on performance.

268
Q

Definition: Leader

A

Someone who has influence in helping others achieve their goals.

269
Q

Definition: Prescribed leader

A

Appointed from outside the group.

270
Q

Definition: Emergent leader

A

Appointed from within the group.

271
Q

Definition: Autocratic leader

A

Leader makes the decisions.

272
Q

Definition: Democratic

A

Decisions are made by group consultations.

273
Q

Definition: Person orientated leadership

A

Concerned with interpersonal relationships.

274
Q

Definition: Task leadership

A

Concerned with getting results.

275
Q

Definition: Required behaviour

A

What the situation demands.

276
Q

Definition: Actual behaviour

A

What the leader decides to do in relation to leadership style.

277
Q

Definition: Preferred behaviour

A

What the group wants.

278
Q

Definition: Stress

A

A negative response of the body to a threat causing anxiety.

279
Q

Definition: Eustress

A

A positive response of the body to a threat.

280
Q

Definition: Cognitive

A

psychological

281
Q

Definition: Somatic

A

Physiological

282
Q

Definition: Cue-Utilisation

A

The ability to process information is directly linked to the level of arousal.

283
Q

Describe: ATP-PC system

A

Source - Phosphocreatine
Duration - 8-12 seconds
Intensity - High intensity
Process - Phosphocreatine, broken down to provide energy for resynthesis of ATP

284
Q

Describe: Lactate-anaerobic system

A

Source - Glucose/glycogen
Duration - 12 seconds - 3 minutes
Intensity - High-medium intensity
Process - Glycolysis, yield of 2 ATP

285
Q

Describe: Aerobic system

A

Source - Glucose/glycogen, Fat/lipids, requires oxygen
Duration - > 3 minutes
Intensity - Low intensity
Process - Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain

286
Q

Definition: Slow component

A

Removal of lactic acid, maintain high heart and breathing rates, maintain high body temperature.

287
Q

Definition: Streamlining

A

Involves shaping a body so it can move as effectively and quickly through a fluid as possible.

288
Q

Definition: Lift force

A

Causes a body to move perpendicular to the direction of travel.

289
Q

Definition: Bernoulli principle

A

Where air molecules exert less pressure the faster they travel and more pressure when they travel slower.

290
Q

Definition: Angle of attack

A

The tilt of a projectile relative to the air flow.

291
Q

Definition: Attribution

A

A perception for the reason for an outcome of an event.

292
Q

Definition: Internal attribute

A

Within the performers control.

293
Q

Definition: External attribute

A

Outside the performers control.

294
Q

Definition: Stable attribute

A

Unlikely to change in the short-term.

295
Q

Definition: Unstable attribute

A

Can change in a short amount of time.

296
Q

Definition: Self serving bias

A

Using external and/or unstable reasons for losing.

297
Q

Definition: Learned helplessness

A

Using internal/stable reasons for losing.

298
Q

Definition: Attribution retraining

A

Changing the reasons given for success and failure.

299
Q

123/FRE

A

Levers:
Class 1 - Fulcrum in the middle
Class 2 - Resistance in the middle
Class 3 - Effort in the middle

300
Q

Class 1 lever

A

A balancing lever. Example: The head, effort is applied by muscles in the back of the neck, the fulcrum is the Atlas at the top of the spine and the load/resistance is the weight of the head.

301
Q

Class 2 lever

A

A load baring lever. Example, wheelbarrow, or foot. The fulcrum is the ball of the foot, the load/resistance is the weight of the body coming down through the leg and the effort is applied by the calf muscle.

302
Q

Class 3 lever

A

Allows a large range of motion. Example: the arm, the fulcrum is the elbow, the load/resistance is in the hand and the effort is applied on the forearm by the bicep.

303
Q

Simple carbohydrates

A

Sugars (Fructose, Glucose)

304
Q

Complex carbohydrates

A

Starch (Bread, rice, potatoes)

305
Q

Macro-nutrients

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats

306
Q

Micro-Nutrients

A

Water
Vitamins
Minerals
Fibre

307
Q

Triglycerides

A

Stored fats

308
Q

Fatty acids

A

Usable form of fats for energy production

309
Q

Minerals

A

Tissue functioning, cell permeability, transmission of nerve impulses. E.g., iron, sodium, phosphorus.

310
Q

Vitamins

A

Used for immune system and body maintenance. Found in fruits and vegetables.

311
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B, C

312
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E

313
Q

Fibre

A

Cleans the digestive system and reduces the absorption of cholesterol and fats.

314
Q

Caffeine

A

Provides more energy by using up fats stores and saving glycogen stores.

315
Q

EPO

A

Increases number of red blood cells.

316
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Increases protein synthesis to repair muscles.

317
Q

HGH (Human growth hormone)

A

Regulates growth, can be used to repair muscle, tissue and bones.

318
Q

Beta Blockers

A

Thins the blood, thus reducing heart rate to help the athlete focus.

319
Q

Diuretics

A

Increases urination to help the athlete lose weight.

320
Q

Stimulants

A

Increases heart rate, body temperature, metabolic rate and blood pressure, decreases fatigue. Makes the athlete alert and hyper.

321
Q

Borg scale

A

A 15 point scale from 6-20 in which athletes can rate the intensity of their exercise. It can directly compare to heart rate, with 60 bpm being the perceived minimum and 200 bpm being the perceived maximum.

A-Level (19 decks)

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