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COURSE AUDIT 1 MODULE 2 > PCOG: VO, RESINS, & RUBBER > Flashcards

PCOG: VO, RESINS, & RUBBER Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of volatile oils?

A

They are odoriferous, optically active, immiscible with water, and soluble in organic solvents.

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2
Q

What is the principal component of essential oils?

A

Terpenes.

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3
Q

What is the function of volatile oils in plants?

A

They act as insect repellants and attractants for fertilization.

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4
Q

Which method is best for obtaining citrus volatile oils?

A

Expression.

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5
Q

What is the difference between fixed oils and volatile oils?

A

Fixed oils cannot be distilled, while volatile oils can be distilled from natural sources.

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6
Q

What is the process of repeated distillation to purify volatile oils called?

A

Cohobation.

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7
Q

What is the method used for glycosidic volatile oils?

A

Enzymatic hydrolysis.

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8
Q

What type of distillation is applied to fresh materials without maceration?

A

Direct steam distillation.

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9
Q

What are the anatomical sources of volatile oils in the Rutaceae family?

A

Schizogenous/lysigenous ducts.

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10
Q

What is the role of anhydrous calcium sulfate in essential oil extraction?

A

It acts as a drying agent to purify essential oils.

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11
Q

What is the primary constituent of volatile oil that forms p-cymene upon hydrogenation?

A

Citral.

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12
Q

What apparatus is commonly used for the extraction of volatile oils?

A

Soxhlet apparatus.

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13
Q

What is a significant advantage of using the Soxhlet extraction method?

A

It is a fast way and preserves quality at controlled temperatures.

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14
Q

What is the disadvantage of the Soxhlet extraction method?

A

It is expensive.

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15
Q

What is enfleurage used for?

A

To obtain small amounts of volatile oil from plant parts like flower petals.

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16
Q

What is the resulting product called when fatty products are impregnated with floral odor?

A

Pomade.

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17
Q

What is the chief solvent used in percolation with volatile solvents?

A

Highly purified petroleum benzene.

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18
Q

What is the process of obtaining oils by heating without access to air called?

A

Destructive distillation.

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19
Q

What are the three broad classes of volatile oils?

A

Terpenoids, Phenylpropanoids, and Aromatic Compounds.

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20
Q

What pathway do terpenoids form through?

A

The acetate-mevalonate acid pathway.

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21
Q

What is the precursor for phenylpropanoids?

A

Cinnamic acid.

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22
Q

What are the two types of monoterpenes based on their structure?

A

Acyclic and cyclic monoterpenes.

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23
Q

What is the formula for Monoterpenes?

A

C10H16.

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24
Q

What is Limonene known for?

A

It is the most widely distributed monoterpene and can be topically applied as treatment for breast cancer.

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25
Q

What is Quinghaosu derived from?

A

Artemisia annua, and it is a common source for antimalarial agents.

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26
Q

What is the formula for Sesquiterpenes?

A

C15H24.

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27
Q

What is the primary use of Neem (Azadirachta indica)?

A

It is used as an insect repellent.

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28
Q

What is the hydrocarbon portion of volatile oils called?

A

Eleoptene.

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29
Q

What is the oxidized hydrocarbon portion of volatile oils called?

A

Stearoptene.

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30
Q

What is Turpentine oil derived from?

A

Volatile oil from Pinus palustris.

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31
Q

What is the primary use of Juniperus communis?

A

It is used as a diuretic and antiseptic.

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32
Q

What is the precursor of guaifenesin?

A

Guaiacol.

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33
Q

What is the scientific name of Peppermint Oil?

A

Mentha piperita.

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34
Q

What is the main constituent of Peppermint Oil?

A

Menthol.

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35
Q

What are the uses of Peppermint Oil?

A

Carminative, counterirritant, flavor in chewing gums.

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36
Q

What is the scientific name of Coriander Oil?

A

Coriandrium sativum.

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37
Q

What is the main constituent of Coriander Oil?

A

Linalool.

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38
Q

What is the scientific name of Cardamom Oil?

A

Elettaria cardamomum.

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39
Q

What is the main constituent of Cardamom Oil?

A

Cineol.

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40
Q

What is the scientific name of Rose Oil?

A

Rosa gallica.

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41
Q

What are the main constituents of Rose Oil?

A

Geraniol, nerol, citronellol.

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42
Q

What is the scientific name of Neroli Oil?

A

Citrus aurantium.

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43
Q

What is the main constituent of Neroli Oil?

A

Linalool.

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44
Q

What is the scientific name of Juniper Oil?

A

Juniper communis.

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45
Q

What are the main constituents of Juniper Oil?

A

ɲ-pinene, b-pinene.

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46
Q

What is the scientific name of Pine Oil?

A

Pinus palustris.

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47
Q

What is the main constituent of Pine Oil?

A

ɲ-terpineol.

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48
Q

What is the scientific name of Cinnamon Oil?

A

Cinnamomum loureirii, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cinnamomum cassia.

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49
Q

What is the main constituent of Cinnamon Oil?

A

Cinnamaldehyde.

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50
Q

What is the scientific name of Lemon Oil?

A

Citrus limon.

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51
Q

What is the main constituent of Lemon Oil?

A

Citral.

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52
Q

What does a Terebinthinate odor indicate?

A

Volatile oils that have undergone resinification.

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53
Q

What happens to volatile oils with high terpenes?

A

They easily resinify.

54
Q

What are terpeneless volatile oils?

A

Oils with 95% of terpenes removed, no deterioration, no odor.

55
Q

What is the scientific name for Orange Oil?

A

Citrus sinensis.

56
Q

What are the main constituents of Citronella Oil?

A

Citronellal and citral.

57
Q

What is the use of Hamamelis Water?

A

It is used as an astringent in hemorrhoid preparations.

58
Q

What is the scientific name for Camphor?

A

Cinnamomum camphora.

59
Q

What is the optical rotation of Spearmint?

A

+41 or +43 (dextrorotary).

60
Q

What is the primary use of Wormwood Oil?

A

Promotes appetite and strengthens treatment of colds and influenza.

61
Q

What is the main constituent of Thyme Oil?

A

Thymol.

62
Q

What is Eugenol commonly used for?

A

As a dental analgesic and in toothache drops.

63
Q

What is the scientific name for Clove Oil?

A

Eugenia caryophyllus.

64
Q

What is the precursor to the antitussive guaifenesin?

A

Guaiacol from Creosote.

65
Q

What is the scientific name of Juniper Tar / Cade Oil?

A

Juniper oxycedrus.

66
Q

What is a primary constituent of Pine Tar?

A

Phenol and creosol.

67
Q

What are the scientific names of Oregano?

A

Origanum onites (pot marjoram) and Origanum vulgare (wild marjoram).

68
Q

What are the uses of Oregano?

A

Antitussive and expectorant.

69
Q

What is the primary constituent of Nutmeg Oil?

A

Primarily a-pinene, b-pinene, sabinene, myristicin, and elemicin.

70
Q

What is the use of Fennel Oil?

A

Purgative.

71
Q

What is the scientific name of Sweet Flag?

A

Acorus calamus.

72
Q

What is a toxic constituent found in Sassafras?

A

Safrole.

73
Q

What is the primary use of Eucalyptus Oil?

A

Flavor, antiseptic, diaphoretic, expectorant.

74
Q

What is the scientific name of the allied drug Mindanao gum?

A

Eucalyptus deglupta.

75
Q

What is the scientific name of Wintergreen?

A

Gaultheria procumbens.

76
Q

What is the main constituent of Wintergreen oil?

A

Methyl salicylate.

77
Q

What are the uses of Wintergreen oil?

A

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, flavor.

78
Q

What is the scientific name of Lavender oil?

A

Lavandula angustifolia.

79
Q

What is the main constituent of Lavender oil?

A

Linalyl acetate.

80
Q

What is the use of Lavender oil?

A

Relaxing oil for aromatherapy (massage, headache).

81
Q

What is the scientific name of Pine Needle oil?

A

Pinus mugo.

82
Q

What is the main constituent of Mustard oil?

A

Allyl isothiocyanate.

83
Q

What is the use of Rosemary oil?

A

Antibacterial, carminative, spasmolytic

84
Q

What are the scientific names of alliaceous plants?

A

Garlic (Allium sativum), Onion (Allium cepa), Leeks (Allium odorum).

85
Q

What is the active ingredient found in Teaberry?

A

Methyl salicylate.

86
Q

Which volatile oil is used as an analgesic agent?

A

Methyl salicylate.

87
Q

Which volatile oil has amphetamine-like effects?

A

Eugenol.

88
Q

Which of the following serves as the source of tannin and volatile oils?

A

Hammamelis.

89
Q

What are resins formed from?

A

The oxidation of volatile oils.

90
Q

What is the physical state of resins?

A

Amorphous products with a complex nature, hard, transparent or translucent, and they soften and melt when heated.

91
Q

What are the main components of oleoresins?

A

Both volatile oil and resin.

92
Q

What are resin acids used for?

A

In soaps and varnishes.

93
Q

What is a characteristic of resenes?

A

They are neutral and do not form salts.

94
Q

What is an example of a glycoresin?

A

Jalap (Exogonium purga).

95
Q

What is the scientific name for Podophyllum?

A

Podophyllum peltatum.

96
Q

What is the primary use of Cannabis sativa?

A

As a euphoric and for controlling chemotherapy-induced nausea.

97
Q

What is the main active component in Cannabis?

A

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).

98
Q

What is the use of Mastic?

A

Chewed as a breath sweetener and used in dental varnish.

99
Q

What is the scientific name of Kava?

A

Piper methysticum.

100
Q

What are the constituents of Kava?

A

Yangonin, kawain, methysticin.

101
Q

What is the primary use of Kava?

A

Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants, antipyretic, anesthetic.

102
Q

What is the scientific name of Turpentine?

A

Pinus palustris.

103
Q

What are the constituents of Ginger?

A

Bisabolene, zingiberene, zingiberol, zingerone, shogaol, gingerol.

104
Q

What is the primary use of Copaiba?

A

Genitourinary antiseptic, diuretic.

105
Q

What is the scientific name of Capsicum?

A

Capsicum frutescens and Capsicum annum.

106
Q

What is the main constituent of Capsicum?

A

Capsaicin.

107
Q

What is the scientific name of Myrrh?

A

Commiphora molmol.

108
Q

What are the constituents of Myrrh?

A

D, E, and ɶ-commiphoric acids, protocatechuic acids.

109
Q

What is the primary use of Benzoin?

A

Antiseptic, stimulant, expectorant.

110
Q

What is the scientific name of Garcinia used for Gamboge?

A

Garcinia hanburyi.

111
Q

What is the primary use of Tolu Balsam?

A

Pharmaceutical aid for CBT, expectorant, flavor.

112
Q

What compound is used in perfumery due to its vanilla-like odor?

A

Coniferyl benzoate.

113
Q

What is Compound Benzoin Tincture used for?

A

As a topical protectant.

114
Q

Which components are used to prepare Compound Benzoin Tincture?

A

Storax, Tolu Balsam, Aloe, and Benzoin.

115
Q

What is the current source of benzoic acid?

A

Synthetic ally produced.

116
Q

What are the uses of benzoic acid?

A

Antifungal, preservative of food, and pharmaceutical preparations.

117
Q

What differentiates Siamese Benzoin from Sumatra Benzoin?

A

Siamese has a warming effect and a vanilla-like odor, while Sumatra has a faint odor of benzaldehyde.

118
Q

What color change occurs with Ferric Chloride when testing Siamese Benzoin?

A

Green color.

119
Q

Which of the following is NOT a resin: Rosin, Eriodictyon, Cannabis, or Turpentine?

A

Eriodictyon.

120
Q

Which of the following is NOT a balsam: Peru Balsam, Balsam of Copaiba, Tolu Balsam, or Storax?

A

Balsam of Copaiba.

121
Q

What families are associated with rubber formation?

A

Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, and Asteraceae.

122
Q

What is latex composed of?

A

Microscopic particles suspended in a liquid serum contained in specialized latex cells.

123
Q

What determines the milky character of latex?

A

The presence of a refractive index greatly different from that of the dispersion medium.

124
Q

Which alkaloid is found in the latex of the Papaveraceae?

A

Alkaloids.

125
Q

What is the scientific name of the Indian Rubber tree?

A

Ficus elastica.

126
Q

What is the composition of rubber?

A

Linear chains of about 1500 to 60,000 C5 isoprenoid units linked by cis double bonds.

127
Q

What is gutta percha derived from?

A

Purified, coagulated latex from trees of the genera Palaquium and Payena.

128
Q

How does gutta percha differ from rubber?

A

It is almost incapable of vulcanization and becomes plastic when heated to about 45-60 °C.

129
Q

What is chicle and where is it obtained from?

A

A polyisoprenoid obtained from Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae), used as the base for original chewing gum.

130
Q

What is balata and its source?

A

Dried latex obtained from Mimusops balata (Sapotaceae), used in bubble gum manufacture.

131
Q

What are the constituents of Indian Rubber?

A

Caoutchouc and cerotic acid.

132
Q

What is the use of chico/sapodilla?

A

Used for diarrhea and fever.

COURSE AUDIT 1 MODULE 2 (8 decks)

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