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COURSE AUDIT 1 MODULE 2 > PCOG GLYCOSIDES > Flashcards

PCOG GLYCOSIDES Flashcards

1
Q

What are glycosides?

A

Sugar ethers

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2
Q

What connects the sugar and non-sugar portions in glycosides?

A

A glycosidic bond.

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3
Q

What are the two important biosynthesis pathways for glycosides?

A

The mevalonate pathway and the shikimic acid pathway.

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4
Q

What is the role of UDP-sugar in glycoside formation?

A

It condenses with the aglycone to form the actual glycoside.

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5
Q

What does the shikimic acid pathway give rise to?

A

Aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids.

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6
Q

What are the products of chorismic acid?

A

Anthraquinone glycosides, phenols, and alcohols.

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7
Q

What type of glycosides does coumaric acid produce?

A

Lactone glycosides.

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8
Q

What do hydrolyzable tannins contain?

A

Gallic acid and ellagic acid.

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9
Q

What is the significance of the prephenic acid branch?

A

It can give rise to phenylpropanoids.

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10
Q

What does coumaric acid produce?

A

Chalcones, which produce flavonoids.

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11
Q

What are flavonoids required for?

A

The production of condensed tannins.

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12
Q

What is catechin?

A

A flavonoid that is the phenolic nucleus of condensed tannins.

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13
Q

Which acids are related to catechin?

A

Chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, and ellagic acid.

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14
Q

What is the role of HMG CoA reductase?

A

It is a target of statins to inhibit sterol production.

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15
Q

What does the Mevalonate pathway produce?

A

Hormones, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK).

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16
Q

What are anthraquinone glycosides used for?

A

As stimulant cathartics.

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of anthraquinone glycosides?

A

They increase the tone of smooth muscle in the wall of large intestines and inhibit Cl ion channels.

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18
Q

What is the aglycone of anthraquinone glycosides?

A

Anthracene derivatives.

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19
Q

What are anthraquinone derivatives known for?

A

Orange-red colored compounds soluble in dilute alcohol and boiling/hot water.

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20
Q

What gives anthraquinone derivatives their solubility?

A

The hydroxyl group.

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21
Q

What color do anthraquinone derivatives give with a base like NH3 or NaOH?

A

Red, violet, or green.

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22
Q

What is the most reduced type of anthraquinone?

A

Anthranol.

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23
Q

What is the main constituent of Senna?

A

Sennoside.

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24
Q

What is the scientific name for Cascara Sagrada?

A

Rhamnus purshianus.

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25
Q

What are the main constituents of Cascara Sagrada?

A

Cascarosides A, B, C, and D.

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26
Q

What is the primary use of Cascara Sagrada?

A

As a cathartic for habitual constipation.

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27
Q

How should Cascara Sagrada be treated before use?

A

It should be aged for at least 1 year.

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28
Q

What is done to reduce the bitter taste of Cascara Sagrada?

A

Cured with MgO or alkaline earths.

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29
Q

What is the scientific name of Alder Buckthorn?

A

Rhamnus frangula.

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30
Q

What are the main constituents of Aloe?

A

Barbaloin and chrysophanic acid.

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31
Q

What is the primary use of Aloe vera gel?

A

Treatment of burns, abrasions, and skin irritations.

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32
Q

What is the scientific name for Chinese Rhubarb?

A

Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. raponticum.

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33
Q

What are the major constituents of Senna?

A

Sennosides A and B.

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34
Q

What is the use of Goa powder?

A

Keratolytic agent for psoriasis, trichophytosis, and eczema.

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35
Q

What is the main active compound in St. John’s Wort?

A

Hyperforin.

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36
Q

What is the effect of Hyperforin?

A

Acts as a reuptake inhibitor and increases neurotransmitters.

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37
Q

What is Arbutin derived from?

A

Dried leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.

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38
Q

What is the primary use of Bearberry?

A

Diuretic and weak urinary antiseptic.

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39
Q

What is the scientific name of Willow?

A

Salix purpurea and S. fragilis.

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40
Q

What is the primary constituent found in Willow?

A

Salicin.

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41
Q

What does salicin produce after hydrolysis with emulsin?

A

Saligenin/salicylic alcohol (aglycone).

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42
Q

What is the use of salicin?

A

Antirheumatic (like salicylic acid).

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43
Q

What is the scientific name of Poplar?

A

Populus tremuloides or Populus tremula.

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44
Q

What is the primary constituent found in Poplar?

A

Populin (benzoylsalicin).

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45
Q

What is the scientific name of Black Haw?

A

Viburnum prunifolium.

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46
Q

What are the uses of Black Haw?

A

Dysmenorrhea, bleeding, asthma.

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47
Q

What is the scientific name of Hops?

A

Humulus lupulus.

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48
Q

What is the primary constituent found in Hops?

A

Lupulin.

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49
Q

What is the scientific name of Kamala/Banato?

A

Mallotus philippinensis.

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50
Q

What is the use of Kamala?

A

Anthelmintic for tapeworm infestation.

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51
Q

What is the scientific name of Vanilla?

A

Vanilla planifolia or Vanilla tahitensis.

52
Q

What is the principal flavoring constituent of Vanilla?

A

Vanillin.

53
Q

What is the second most expensive spice in the world?

A

Vanilla.

54
Q

What is the primary structure of flavonoids derived from?

A

The phenylpropanoid branch of the shikimate pathway.

55
Q

What is the nucleus most flavonoids have?

A

Gamma-benzopyrone.

56
Q

What is quercetin used for in pharmacognosy?

A

As a standard to determine the total flavonoid content of an extract.

57
Q

What are isoflavonoids known for?

A

Being precursors to estrogen, also known as phytoestrogens.

58
Q

What are the components yielded by rutin?

A

Quercetin (aglycone), rhamnose, and glucose.

59
Q

What is the significance of phenol rings and hydroxyl groups in flavonoids?

A

They are responsible for the antioxidant properties.

60
Q

What is the effect of increasing hydroxyl groups on antioxidant activity?

A

More hydroxyl groups lead to better antioxidant activity.

61
Q

What is the common color change of anthocyanidins when boiled or acid is added?

A

They become colorless (Leucocyanidin).

62
Q

What is the largest group of naturally occurring phenols?

A

Flavonoids.

63
Q

What are chalcones known for in terms of plant pigmentation?

A

They are yellow pigments found in flowers.

64
Q

What is the scientific name of Milk Thistle?

A

Silybium marianum.

65
Q

What are the constituents of Milk Thistle known for their hepatoprotective effect?

A

Silbinin (a mix of silybin A and silybin B).

66
Q

What is the active constituent of Soy Isoflavones?

A

Genistein.

67
Q

What are the uses of Soy Isoflavones?

A

Prevents atherosclerosis, increases memory and mental flexibility, and alleviates menopausal symptoms.

68
Q

What is the primary benefit of Tea Catechins?

A

Controls lipid levels and prevents atherosclerosis and coronary disease.

69
Q

What is the potential anticancer compound found in Tea?

A

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG).

70
Q

What is the scientific name of Cacao?

A

Theobroma cacao.

71
Q

What are the constituents of Cranberry that help prevent UTI-causing microbes?

A

Procyanidins and other flavonoids and polyphenols.

72
Q

What is the lactone glycoside that is a hydroxycinnamic acid lactone used as a flavoring agent?

A

Coumarin.

73
Q

What is the anticoagulant derived from Coumarin?

A

Warfarin.

74
Q

What are furanocoumarins and where are they found?

A

Furanocoumarins are compounds found in grapefruit juice.

75
Q

What is the effect of furanocoumarins on CYP450 enzymes?

A

They inhibit CYP450 enzymes (CYP3A4, CYP3A5), leading to higher drug concentrations and potential toxicity.

76
Q

What serious condition can occur when statins are taken with grapefruit juice?

A

Rhabdomyolysis.

77
Q

What is the role of warfarin in anticoagulation?

A

Warfarin inhibits the reduction of vitamin K, preventing the activation of clotting factors.

78
Q

What is the consequence of taking warfarin?

A

It leads to bleeding due to the inability to convert clotting factors to their active form.

79
Q

What is dicoumarol and its source?

A

Dicoumarol is derived from improperly cured leaves and flowering tops of Melilotus officinalis and is used as an anticoagulant.

80
Q

What is cantharidin and its uses?

A

Cantharidin is a constituent of Cantharis vesicatoria, used as an irritant, vesicant, rubefacient, and aphrodisiac.

81
Q

What are psoralens and their medicinal uses?

A

Psoralens, such as methoxsalen, aid in repigmentation for idiopathic vitiligo and control symptoms of psoriasis.

82
Q

What is the scientific name for grapefruit juice?

A

Citrus paradisi.

83
Q

What are cardiac glycosides known for?

A

They have a specific action on cardiac tissues, increasing the force of systolic contraction.

84
Q

What are the aglycones associated with cardiac glycosides?

A

Cardenolide and bufadienolide.

85
Q

What is the primary effect of inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase in heart muscles?

A

It increases the Ca+2 inside the heart muscles, leading to a positive inotropic effect.

86
Q

What is the use of cardiac glycosides like Digitalis?

A

They are used for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) to help pump out enough blood.

87
Q

What are the two main types of cardiac glycosides?

A

Cardenolides and Bufadienolides.

88
Q

What is a characteristic of Cardenolides?

A

They have a five-member unsaturated lactone and usually contain 23 carbons.

89
Q

What distinguishes Bufadienolides from Cardenolides?

A

Bufadienolides have a six-member unsaturated lactone and usually contain 24 carbons.

90
Q

What are the active constituents of Digitalis purpurea?

A

Digitoxin, gitoxin, and gitaloxin.

91
Q

What is the difference in half-life between Digitoxin and Digoxin?

A

Digitoxin has a longer half-life (168 to 192 hours) compared to Digoxin (30 to 40 hours).

92
Q

What is the role of Digibind or DigiFab?

A

They are digoxin-specific antibodies that bind to excess digoxin in the blood for excretion.

93
Q

What electrolyte imbalances can occur with digitalis use?

A

Hypercalcemia, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia.

94
Q

What is the scientific name of Black Indian Hemp?

A

Apocynum cannabinum.

95
Q

What is the scientific name of Lily of the Valley?

A

Convallaria majalis.

96
Q

What is the main constituent of Black Hellebore?

A

Hellebrin.

97
Q

What are the constituents of Adonis?

A

Adonitoxin, cymarin, K-strophantin.

98
Q

What is the use of Strophanthus seeds?

A

Preparation of arrow poisons.

99
Q

What is the main constituent of Squill?

A

Scillaren A.

100
Q

What is the scientific name of Oleander?

A

Nerium oleander.

101
Q

What does the Keller Kiliani test indicate?

A

Presence of deoxy sugar.

102
Q

What is a characteristic of saponin glycosides in aqueous solution?

A

They form a froth.

103
Q

What is the effect of saponins on red blood cells?

A

They can hemolyze RBCs.

104
Q

What is the qualitative test for saponins?

A

Froth test.

105
Q

What is the primary use of Dioscorea floribunda?

A

It is the best source of steroids and major precursors of glucocorticoids.

106
Q

What are the constituents of Sarsaparilla root?

A

Smilagenin, sarsasapogenin, and parillin.

107
Q

What are the uses of Ginseng?

A

It is used as an aphrodisiac, adaptogen, and for treating anemia, diabetes, gastritis, and sexual impotence.

108
Q

What is Glycyrrhizin and its primary use?

A

It is a sweet compound used as an expectorant and flavoring agent.

109
Q

What caution should be taken when using Liquorice?

A

It can cause fluid/Na+ retention and reduce K+, leading to hypernatremia and hypokalemia.

110
Q

What are the constituents of Gotu Kola?

A

Asiaticoside and centelloside.

111
Q

What is the primary use of Quillaja bark?

A

It is used as a detergent and emulsifier.

112
Q

What is the historical use of Gugo?

A

It was used to wash hair (shampoo).

113
Q

What role do steroids play in humans?

A

They are essential for steroid hormones, Vitamin D, and other biological functions.

114
Q

What are some significant natural plant products related to steroids?

A

Cardiac glycosides, saponins, and steroidal alkaloids.

115
Q

What is the scientific name of White Mustard?

A

Brassica alba.

116
Q

What is the main constituent of White Mustard?

A

Sinalbin.

117
Q

What does Sinalbin yield after hydrolysis?

A

Acrinyl isothiocyanate.

118
Q

What is the purpose of the Ferric Chloride Test?

A

To identify non-volatile glycosides.

119
Q

What is the scientific name of the plant that produces Steviosides?

A

Stevia rebaudiana.

120
Q

How much sweeter are Steviosides compared to sugar?

A

200-300 times.

121
Q

What is the scientific name of Red Sandalwood?

A

Pterocarpus santalinus.

122
Q

What is the main constituent of Red Sandalwood?

A

Santalin.

123
Q

What is the scientific name of Fishberry?

A

Anamirta cocculus.

124
Q

What is the main constituent of Fishberry?

A

Picrotoxin.

125
Q

Which glycoside is used as a treatment for idiopathic vitiligo?

A

Psoralens.

126
Q

Which of the following is not a cardiac glycoside: Apocynum, Convallaria, Strophantus, or Green Hellebore?

A

Green Hellebore.

127
Q

What is the aldehyde responsible for the aroma and taste of vanilla?

A

Vanillin.

COURSE AUDIT 1 MODULE 2 (8 decks)

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