PCOG GLYCOSIDES Flashcards
1
Q
What are glycosides?
A
Sugar ethers
2
Q
What connects the sugar and non-sugar portions in glycosides?
A
A glycosidic bond.
3
Q
What are the two important biosynthesis pathways for glycosides?
A
The mevalonate pathway and the shikimic acid pathway.
4
Q
What is the role of UDP-sugar in glycoside formation?
A
It condenses with the aglycone to form the actual glycoside.
5
Q
What does the shikimic acid pathway give rise to?
A
Aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids.
6
Q
What are the products of chorismic acid?
A
Anthraquinone glycosides, phenols, and alcohols.
7
Q
What type of glycosides does coumaric acid produce?
A
Lactone glycosides.
8
Q
What do hydrolyzable tannins contain?
A
Gallic acid and ellagic acid.
9
Q
What is the significance of the prephenic acid branch?
A
It can give rise to phenylpropanoids.
10
Q
What does coumaric acid produce?
A
Chalcones, which produce flavonoids.
11
Q
What are flavonoids required for?
A
The production of condensed tannins.
12
Q
What is catechin?
A
A flavonoid that is the phenolic nucleus of condensed tannins.
13
Q
Which acids are related to catechin?
A
Chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, and ellagic acid.
14
Q
What is the role of HMG CoA reductase?
A
It is a target of statins to inhibit sterol production.
15
Q
What does the Mevalonate pathway produce?
A
Hormones, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK).
16
Q
What are anthraquinone glycosides used for?
A
As stimulant cathartics.
17
Q
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of anthraquinone glycosides?
A
They increase the tone of smooth muscle in the wall of large intestines and inhibit Cl ion channels.
18
Q
What is the aglycone of anthraquinone glycosides?
A
Anthracene derivatives.
19
Q
What are anthraquinone derivatives known for?
A
Orange-red colored compounds soluble in dilute alcohol and boiling/hot water.
20
Q
What gives anthraquinone derivatives their solubility?
A
The hydroxyl group.
21
Q
What color do anthraquinone derivatives give with a base like NH3 or NaOH?
A
Red, violet, or green.
22
Q
What is the most reduced type of anthraquinone?
A
Anthranol.
23
Q
What is the main constituent of Senna?
A
Sennoside.
24
Q
What is the scientific name for Cascara Sagrada?
A
Rhamnus purshianus.
25
What are the main constituents of Cascara Sagrada?
Cascarosides A, B, C, and D.
26
What is the primary use of Cascara Sagrada?
As a cathartic for habitual constipation.
27
How should Cascara Sagrada be treated before use?
It should be aged for at least 1 year.
28
What is done to reduce the bitter taste of Cascara Sagrada?
Cured with MgO or alkaline earths.
29
What is the scientific name of Alder Buckthorn?
Rhamnus frangula.
30
What are the main constituents of Aloe?
Barbaloin and chrysophanic acid.
31
What is the primary use of Aloe vera gel?
Treatment of burns, abrasions, and skin irritations.
32
What is the scientific name for Chinese Rhubarb?
Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. raponticum.
33
What are the major constituents of Senna?
Sennosides A and B.
34
What is the use of Goa powder?
Keratolytic agent for psoriasis, trichophytosis, and eczema.
35
What is the main active compound in St. John's Wort?
Hyperforin.
36
What is the effect of Hyperforin?
Acts as a reuptake inhibitor and increases neurotransmitters.
37
What is Arbutin derived from?
Dried leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.
38
What is the primary use of Bearberry?
Diuretic and weak urinary antiseptic.
39
What is the scientific name of Willow?
Salix purpurea and S. fragilis.
40
What is the primary constituent found in Willow?
Salicin.
41
What does salicin produce after hydrolysis with emulsin?
Saligenin/salicylic alcohol (aglycone).
42
What is the use of salicin?
Antirheumatic (like salicylic acid).
43
What is the scientific name of Poplar?
Populus tremuloides or Populus tremula.
44
What is the primary constituent found in Poplar?
Populin (benzoylsalicin).
45
What is the scientific name of Black Haw?
Viburnum prunifolium.
46
What are the uses of Black Haw?
Dysmenorrhea, bleeding, asthma.
47
What is the scientific name of Hops?
Humulus lupulus.
48
What is the primary constituent found in Hops?
Lupulin.
49
What is the scientific name of Kamala/Banato?
Mallotus philippinensis.
50
What is the use of Kamala?
Anthelmintic for tapeworm infestation.
51
What is the scientific name of Vanilla?
Vanilla planifolia or Vanilla tahitensis.
52
What is the principal flavoring constituent of Vanilla?
Vanillin.
53
What is the second most expensive spice in the world?
Vanilla.
54
What is the primary structure of flavonoids derived from?
The phenylpropanoid branch of the shikimate pathway.
55
What is the nucleus most flavonoids have?
Gamma-benzopyrone.
56
What is quercetin used for in pharmacognosy?
As a standard to determine the total flavonoid content of an extract.
57
What are isoflavonoids known for?
Being precursors to estrogen, also known as phytoestrogens.
58
What are the components yielded by rutin?
Quercetin (aglycone), rhamnose, and glucose.
59
What is the significance of phenol rings and hydroxyl groups in flavonoids?
They are responsible for the antioxidant properties.
60
What is the effect of increasing hydroxyl groups on antioxidant activity?
More hydroxyl groups lead to better antioxidant activity.
61
What is the common color change of anthocyanidins when boiled or acid is added?
They become colorless (Leucocyanidin).
62
What is the largest group of naturally occurring phenols?
Flavonoids.
63
What are chalcones known for in terms of plant pigmentation?
They are yellow pigments found in flowers.
64
What is the scientific name of Milk Thistle?
Silybium marianum.
65
What are the constituents of Milk Thistle known for their hepatoprotective effect?
Silbinin (a mix of silybin A and silybin B).
66
What is the active constituent of Soy Isoflavones?
Genistein.
67
What are the uses of Soy Isoflavones?
Prevents atherosclerosis, increases memory and mental flexibility, and alleviates menopausal symptoms.
68
What is the primary benefit of Tea Catechins?
Controls lipid levels and prevents atherosclerosis and coronary disease.
69
What is the potential anticancer compound found in Tea?
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG).
70
What is the scientific name of Cacao?
Theobroma cacao.
71
What are the constituents of Cranberry that help prevent UTI-causing microbes?
Procyanidins and other flavonoids and polyphenols.
72
What is the lactone glycoside that is a hydroxycinnamic acid lactone used as a flavoring agent?
Coumarin.
73
What is the anticoagulant derived from Coumarin?
Warfarin.
74
What are furanocoumarins and where are they found?
Furanocoumarins are compounds found in grapefruit juice.
75
What is the effect of furanocoumarins on CYP450 enzymes?
They inhibit CYP450 enzymes (CYP3A4, CYP3A5), leading to higher drug concentrations and potential toxicity.
76
What serious condition can occur when statins are taken with grapefruit juice?
Rhabdomyolysis.
77
What is the role of warfarin in anticoagulation?
Warfarin inhibits the reduction of vitamin K, preventing the activation of clotting factors.
78
What is the consequence of taking warfarin?
It leads to bleeding due to the inability to convert clotting factors to their active form.
79
What is dicoumarol and its source?
Dicoumarol is derived from improperly cured leaves and flowering tops of Melilotus officinalis and is used as an anticoagulant.
80
What is cantharidin and its uses?
Cantharidin is a constituent of Cantharis vesicatoria, used as an irritant, vesicant, rubefacient, and aphrodisiac.
81
What are psoralens and their medicinal uses?
Psoralens, such as methoxsalen, aid in repigmentation for idiopathic vitiligo and control symptoms of psoriasis.
82
What is the scientific name for grapefruit juice?
Citrus paradisi.
83
What are cardiac glycosides known for?
They have a specific action on cardiac tissues, increasing the force of systolic contraction.
84
What are the aglycones associated with cardiac glycosides?
Cardenolide and bufadienolide.
85
What is the primary effect of inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase in heart muscles?
It increases the Ca+2 inside the heart muscles, leading to a positive inotropic effect.
86
What is the use of cardiac glycosides like Digitalis?
They are used for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) to help pump out enough blood.
87
What are the two main types of cardiac glycosides?
Cardenolides and Bufadienolides.
88
What is a characteristic of Cardenolides?
They have a five-member unsaturated lactone and usually contain 23 carbons.
89
What distinguishes Bufadienolides from Cardenolides?
Bufadienolides have a six-member unsaturated lactone and usually contain 24 carbons.
90
What are the active constituents of Digitalis purpurea?
Digitoxin, gitoxin, and gitaloxin.
91
What is the difference in half-life between Digitoxin and Digoxin?
Digitoxin has a longer half-life (168 to 192 hours) compared to Digoxin (30 to 40 hours).
92
What is the role of Digibind or DigiFab?
They are digoxin-specific antibodies that bind to excess digoxin in the blood for excretion.
93
What electrolyte imbalances can occur with digitalis use?
Hypercalcemia, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia.
94
What is the scientific name of Black Indian Hemp?
Apocynum cannabinum.
95
What is the scientific name of Lily of the Valley?
Convallaria majalis.
96
What is the main constituent of Black Hellebore?
Hellebrin.
97
What are the constituents of Adonis?
Adonitoxin, cymarin, K-strophantin.
98
What is the use of Strophanthus seeds?
Preparation of arrow poisons.
99
What is the main constituent of Squill?
Scillaren A.
100
What is the scientific name of Oleander?
Nerium oleander.
101
What does the Keller Kiliani test indicate?
Presence of deoxy sugar.
102
What is a characteristic of saponin glycosides in aqueous solution?
They form a froth.
103
What is the effect of saponins on red blood cells?
They can hemolyze RBCs.
104
What is the qualitative test for saponins?
Froth test.
105
What is the primary use of Dioscorea floribunda?
It is the best source of steroids and major precursors of glucocorticoids.
106
What are the constituents of Sarsaparilla root?
Smilagenin, sarsasapogenin, and parillin.
107
What are the uses of Ginseng?
It is used as an aphrodisiac, adaptogen, and for treating anemia, diabetes, gastritis, and sexual impotence.
108
What is Glycyrrhizin and its primary use?
It is a sweet compound used as an expectorant and flavoring agent.
109
What caution should be taken when using Liquorice?
It can cause fluid/Na+ retention and reduce K+, leading to hypernatremia and hypokalemia.
110
What are the constituents of Gotu Kola?
Asiaticoside and centelloside.
111
What is the primary use of Quillaja bark?
It is used as a detergent and emulsifier.
112
What is the historical use of Gugo?
It was used to wash hair (shampoo).
113
What role do steroids play in humans?
They are essential for steroid hormones, Vitamin D, and other biological functions.
114
What are some significant natural plant products related to steroids?
Cardiac glycosides, saponins, and steroidal alkaloids.
115
What is the scientific name of White Mustard?
Brassica alba.
116
What is the main constituent of White Mustard?
Sinalbin.
117
What does Sinalbin yield after hydrolysis?
Acrinyl isothiocyanate.
118
What is the purpose of the Ferric Chloride Test?
To identify non-volatile glycosides.
119
What is the scientific name of the plant that produces Steviosides?
Stevia rebaudiana.
120
How much sweeter are Steviosides compared to sugar?
200-300 times.
121
What is the scientific name of Red Sandalwood?
Pterocarpus santalinus.
122
What is the main constituent of Red Sandalwood?
Santalin.
123
What is the scientific name of Fishberry?
Anamirta cocculus.
124
What is the main constituent of Fishberry?
Picrotoxin.
125
Which glycoside is used as a treatment for idiopathic vitiligo?
Psoralens.
126
Which of the following is not a cardiac glycoside: Apocynum, Convallaria, Strophantus, or Green Hellebore?
Green Hellebore.
127
What is the aldehyde responsible for the aroma and taste of vanilla?
Vanillin.
