PCOG: ALKALOIDS, ENZYMES, AND OTHER IMPORTANT PROTEINS Flashcards
1
Q
What are alkaloids?
A
Organic nitrogenous compounds with varied pharmacologic actions.
2
Q
What is the pH and taste characteristic of alkaloids?
A
Basic pH and bitter taste.
3
Q
What is the physical state of most alkaloids?
A
Usually crystalline or amorphous solids.
4
Q
Which alkaloids are exceptions and exist as liquids?
A
Coniine, Nicotine, Sparteine, and Arecoline (CNSA).
5
Q
What color is berberine, and what is its significance?
A
Berberine is yellow and is rich in the plant Makabuhay.
6
Q
What is required for a compound to be classified as a true alkaloid?
A
It should be derived from amino acids.
7
Q
What are the four types of amines found in alkaloids?
A
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary amines.
8
Q
What are alkaloidal bases known as?
A
Free alkaloids.
9
Q
How can alkaloids be made soluble in water?
A
By converting them into salts.
10
Q
What is an example of an alkaloidal salt?
A
Quinine sulfate.
11
Q
Who discovered narcotine and in what year?
A
Derosne discovered narcotine in 1803.
12
Q
What is the most important opium alkaloid?
A
Morphine.
13
Q
Which alkaloids were discovered by Pelletier and Caventou?
A
Brucine, emetine, strychnine, piperine, quinine, caffeine, colchicine, and coniine.
14
Q
What is the significance of Schiff’s discovery?
A
He established the structure of coniine, the first alkaloid with an established structure.
15
Q
What are true alkaloids?
A
Compounds with nitrogen atoms enclosed within a ring system.
16
Q
What are pseudoalkaloids?
A
Alkaloids that are not derived from amino acids.
17
Q
What is the role of tannic acid in relation to alkaloids?
A
It acts as a universal antidote by precipitating alkaloids and inhibiting their absorption in the stomach.
18
Q
What is the classification of alkaloids based on their structure?
A
They can be classified as true alkaloids, pseudoalkaloids, and protoalkaloids.
19
Q
What is the Shikimic Acid Pathway?
A
A metabolic pathway that leads to the synthesis of various compounds including gallic acid and hydrolyzable tannins.
20
Q
What is the positive result for the Marquis test?
A
Blue color indicates the presence of codeine.
21
Q
What are the products of the chorismate pathway?
A
Anthraquinone, Phenol, Alcohol.
22
Q
What are the products of the prephenate pathway?
A
Aldehyde, Lactone, Flavonoid.
23
Q
What is catechin classified as?
A
Flavan-3-ol.
24
Q
What type of tannins are condensed/non-hydrolyzable?
A
NHT (Non-Hydrolyzable Tannins).
25
What is the significance of phenylalanine in newborn screening?
It is tested for the presence of phenyl hydroxylase, which is crucial for the production of tyrosine and affects CNS development.
26
What condition is caused by a lack of phenyl hydroxylase?
Phenylketonuria, which can lead to mental retardation.
27
What are the main types of alkaloidal rings mentioned?
Pyridine, Piperidine, Pyrrolidine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Imidazole, Indole, Purine, Tropane.
28
What is nicotine derived from?
Pyrrolidone.
29
What is the scientific name for nicotine?
Nicotiana tabacum.
30
What is the primary use of nicotine?
As a smoking deterrent and CNS stimulant.
31
What is the scientific name of Areca Nut?
Areca catechu.
32
What is the main constituent of Areca Nut?
Arecoline.
33
What are the uses of Areca Nut?
Masticatory (betel chewing), taenicide, anthelmintic (veterinary).
34
What is the scientific name of Lobelia?
Lobelia inflata.
35
What is the main constituent of Lobelia?
Lobeline.
36
What is a significant use of Lobelia?
Smoking deterrent.
37
What is the scientific name of Poison Hemlock?
Conium maculatum.
38
What is the main constituent of Poison Hemlock?
Coniine.
39
What historical use did Poison Hemlock have?
Used by Greeks for executions, including Socrates.
40
What is the scientific name of Duboisia?
Duboisia myoporoides.
41
What alkaloids are primarily sourced from Duboisia?
Atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine.
42
What is the scientific name of Belladonna?
Atropa belladonna.
43
What are the main constituents of Belladonna?
Hyoscyamine and atropine.
44
What is a primary use of Belladonna?
Anticholinergic effects (mydriatic, antidiarrheal).
45
What is the scientific name of Jimson Weed?
Datura stramonium.
46
What are the constituents of Jimson Weed?
Hyoscyamine and scopolamine.
47
What is the use of Jimson Weed?
Anticholinergic, vapor from burnt weed relieves asthma.
48
What is the scientific name of Mandragora?
Mandragora officinarum.
49
What are the constituents of Mandragora?
Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, mandragorine.
50
What are the aromatic portions of belladonna alkaloids?
Tropic acid.
51
What is the primary use of atropine?
For eye examinations as a mydriatic.
52
What is the scientific name of coca?
Erythroxylum coca.
53
What is the primary constituent of coca?
Cocaine.
54
What is the mechanism of action of cocaine?
Blocks reuptake of dopamine back to presynaptic neurons.
55
What are the constituents of cinchona?
Quinine and quinidine.
56
What condition does quinine primarily treat?
Malaria.
57
What is cinchonism?
Loss of hearing, ringing in the ears, impaired sight due to quinine.
58
What is the effect of quinine on Plasmodium?
It prevents the conversion of heme to hemozoin, leading to the death of Plasmodium.
59
What is the use of quinidine?
For prophylaxis of cardiac arrhythmias and treatment of AFib.
60
What is the scientific name of the Happy Tree?
Camptotheca acuminata.
61
What is the main constituent of Camptotheca acuminata?
Camptothecin (CPT).
62
How does camptothecin act in malignant cells?
It acts as a topoisomerase inhibitor.
63
What types of cancer are treated with camptothecin derivatives?
Colon and lung cancer.
64
What are the two classes of isoquinoline alkaloids mentioned?
Benzylisoquinoline and Tetrahydroisoquinoline.
65
What is the scientific name of Ipecac?
Cephaelis ipecacuanha.
66
What are the main constituents of Ipecac?
Cephaeline and emetine.
67
What is the use of Ipecac?
As a local emetic and in poison antidote kits.
68
What is the scientific name of Goldenseal?
Hydrastis canadensis.
69
What are the constituents of Goldenseal?
Hydrastine, berberine, and canadine.
70
What is the use of Goldenseal?
As an astringent in inflammation of mucous membranes.
71
What is the scientific name of Blood Root?
Sanguinaria canadensis.
72
Which family does Blood Root belong to?
Papaveraceae.
73
What are the main constituents of Blood Root?
Sanguinarine, chelerythrine, protopine.
74
What is Tubocurarine derived from?
Strychnos castelnaei.
75
What type of muscle relaxant is Tubocurarine?
Nondepolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant.
76
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Tubocurarine?
Blocks nerve impulses to skeletal muscles, causing paralysis.
77
What is the primary alkaloid found in opium?
Morphine.
78
What are the uses of opium?
CNS stimulant, depressant, narcotic analgesic, hypnotic.
79
What is the significance of meconic acid in opium?
It indicates the presence of opium and serves as a chemotaxonomic marker for Papaveraceae.
80
What are some examples of indole alkaloids?
Ergotamine, physostigmine, reserpine, strychnine.
81
What is the effect of morphine?
Narcotic analgesic and hypnotic.
82
What is the relationship between codeine and morphine?
Codeine is a less potent derivative of morphine, used as an antitussive.
83
What is the effect of heroin compared to morphine?
Heroin has more pronounced effects and is habit-forming.
84
What is the role of apomorphine?
It acts as a central emetic for poisonings.
85
What is the scientific name of Indian Snakeroot?
Rauvolfia serpentina.
86
What is the primary use of Reserpine?
Hypotensive (antihypertensive), sedative, tranquilizer.
87
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Reserpine?
Depletion of norepinephrine by inhibiting storage in postganglionic adrenergic endings.
88
What is the scientific name of Periwinkle?
Catharanthus roseus.
89
What are the main constituents of Periwinkle?
Vincristine and vinblastine.
90
What is the MOA of vincristine and vinblastine?
Arrest cell division at metaphase, antimitotic.
91
What is the scientific name of Nux Vomica?
Strychnos nux vomica.
92
What are the main constituents of Nux Vomica?
Strychnine and Brucine.
93
What is the primary use of Physostigma venenosum?
For treatment of glaucoma and myasthenia gravis.
94
What is the MOA of Physostigmine?
Anticholinesterase, enhances the effect of acetylcholine.
95
What is the scientific name of Ergot?
Claviceps purpurea.
96
What condition can ergotism cause?
Gangrene due to vasoconstrictive effects.
97
What is the MOA of ergotamine?
Constricts blood vessels in the brain, lowering intracranial pressure.
98
What is the scientific name of Jaborandi?
Pilocarpus jaborandi.
99
What is the primary use of Pilocarpine?
Muscarinic agonist for treatment of glaucoma.
100
What are the two groups of steroidal alkaloids classified by carbon number?
C27 group and C21 group.
101
What is the primary use of Hellebore?
Used as an insecticide.
102
What are alkaloidal amines also known as?
Protoalkaloids.
103
What is a key characteristic of protoalkaloids?
They do not have nitrogen as part of their heterocyclic ring system but are derived from amino acids.
104
From which amino acid are many protoalkaloids derived?
Phenylalanine.
105
What are some properties of protoalkaloids?
Antibacterial, antimalarial, and potential genotoxic properties.
106
What is the scientific name of Ma Huang?
Ephedra sinica.
107
What is ephedrine used for?
To combat hypotensive states, nasal congestion, asthma, and allergic conditions.
108
What tragic event is associated with ephedrine?
It caused hemorrhagic stroke in female patients over 40 years old.
109
What is the scientific name of Autumn Crocus?
Colchicum autumnale.
110
What is colchicine primarily used for?
As a first-line treatment for acute gout.
111
What is the scientific name of Khat?
Catha edulis.
112
What effect does cathinone have?
It has an indirect adrenergic effect, alleviating hunger and fatigue.
113
What is the scientific name of Peyote?
Lophophora williamsii.
114
What is mescaline known for?
Being the first psychotomimetic, hallucinogen, and euphoric substance.
115
What are purine bases also known as?
Pseudoalkaloids.
116
What is a key pharmacological effect of methylxanthines?
They are potent bronchodilators and stimulants due to increased cAMP via PDE inhibition.
117
What is caffeine's role in beverages?
It is a central stimulant and diuretic, commonly found in carbonated beverages.
118
What is the scientific name of Cola nuts?
Cola nitida.
119
What is the scientific name of the coffee bean?
Coffea arabica.
120
What is the primary constituent of coffee?
Caffeine.
121
What is the caffeine content in decaffeinized coffee?
Up to 0.08%.
122
What is the scientific name of guarana?
Paullinia cupana.
123
How does the caffeine content of guarana compare to coffee?
It has twice as much caffeine as coffee seeds.
124
What is the scientific name of mate or Paraguay tea?
Ilex paraguariensis.
125
What are the uses of mate?
Laxative, purgative, diaphoretic, diuretic.
126
What is the scientific name of tea?
Camelia sinensis.
127
What are the constituents of tea?
Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline.
128
What is the effective dose of theophylline for asthma relief?
10 mg.
129
What is the scientific name of cocoa?
Theobroma cacao.
130
What is the primary constituent of cocoa?
Theobromine.
131
What is the scientific name of Caucasian snowdrop?
Galanthus woronowii.
132
What is galantamine used for?
Cholinesterase inhibitor.
133
What is the scientific name of monkshood?
Aconitum napellus.
134
What can aconitine induce?
Cholinergic excess (nausea, diarrhea, hypotension, etc.).
135
What is the antidote for organophosphate poisoning?
Atropine (physiologic), Pralidoxime (2-PAM
136
What is the chemical name for methylmorphine?
Codeine.
137
What is a skeletal muscle relaxant without deep anesthesia?
Tubocurarine.
138
Which of the following is not an isoquinoline alkaloid?
Catharanthus.
139
What is colchicine used for?
As an antimitotic agent.
140
What are enzymes?
Highly selective organic catalysts produced by living organisms.
141
How do enzymes exert their catalytic reactions?
By lowering the energy of activation (Ea) of a reaction.
142
What is the optimal temperature range for enzyme activity?
Between 35°C and 40°C.
143
What happens to enzymes at temperatures above 65°C?
They become denatured.
144
What are the two main classifications of enzymes based on the type of reaction catalyzed?
Oxidoreductases and Transferases.
145
What do hydrolases do?
Cleave molecules through hydrolysis.
146
What is the function of lipase?
Converts fats into glycerin and fatty acids.
147
What is the role of pepsin?
Acts in gastric juice to digest proteins into proteoses and peptones.
148
What is the function of trypsin?
Converts proteoses and peptones into polypeptides and amino acids in the small intestine.
149
What does invertase do?
Converts sucrose into glucose and fructose.
150
What is papain and where is it found?
Papain, known as 'vegetable pepsin', is found in unripe fruit of Carica papaya.
151
What are the uses of papain?
1) Meat tenderizer, digestant 2) Relieves episiotomy 3) Ingredient in cleansing solutions for contact lenses.
152
What is the function of peroxidase?
Peroxidase catalyzes oxidation reactions and causes discoloration of bruised fruits.
153
What does thrombin do?
Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin, forming a clot.
154
What is pancreatin and its uses?
Pancreatin contains lipase, amylase, and protease
155
What is the difference between pancreatin and pancrelipase?
Pancrelipase is a more concentrated form of pancreatin with increased lipase, amylase, and protease activity.
156
What is chymopapain used for?
Chymopapain is used for the treatment of herniated lumbar intervertebral discs and relieves lower back pains.
157
What are bromelains and their uses?
Bromelains are protein-digesting, milk-clotting enzymes from pineapple, used for anti-inflammatory purposes and to increase tissue repair.
158
What is the function of hyaluronidase?
Hyaluronidase hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, promoting diffusion and hastening absorption.
159
What is the use of streptokinase?
Streptokinase is used for the treatment of pulmonary embolism and thrombosis.
160
What is L-asparaginase and its use?
L-asparaginase is used to induce remissions in acute leukemia by degrading L-asparagine.
161
What is the use of levodopa?
Levodopa is used to relieve symptoms of parkinsonism.
162
What is the function of protamine sulfate?
Protamine sulfate neutralizes heparin.
163
What is the role of heparin?
Heparin acts as an anticoagulant, prolonging clotting time.
164
What are the uses of penicillamine?
Penicillamine is used as a metal chelating agent for Wilson's disease and in rheumatoid arthritis.
165
What is gelatin and its uses?
Gelatin is formed from the partial hydrolysis of collagen and is used as an encapsulating agent and in topical protectants.
