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COURSE AUDIT 1 MODULE 2 > PCOG: ALKALOIDS, ENZYMES, AND OTHER IMPORTANT PROTEINS > Flashcards

PCOG: ALKALOIDS, ENZYMES, AND OTHER IMPORTANT PROTEINS Flashcards

1
Q

What are alkaloids?

A

Organic nitrogenous compounds with varied pharmacologic actions.

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2
Q

What is the pH and taste characteristic of alkaloids?

A

Basic pH and bitter taste.

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3
Q

What is the physical state of most alkaloids?

A

Usually crystalline or amorphous solids.

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4
Q

Which alkaloids are exceptions and exist as liquids?

A

Coniine, Nicotine, Sparteine, and Arecoline (CNSA).

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5
Q

What color is berberine, and what is its significance?

A

Berberine is yellow and is rich in the plant Makabuhay.

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6
Q

What is required for a compound to be classified as a true alkaloid?

A

It should be derived from amino acids.

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7
Q

What are the four types of amines found in alkaloids?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary amines.

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8
Q

What are alkaloidal bases known as?

A

Free alkaloids.

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9
Q

How can alkaloids be made soluble in water?

A

By converting them into salts.

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10
Q

What is an example of an alkaloidal salt?

A

Quinine sulfate.

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11
Q

Who discovered narcotine and in what year?

A

Derosne discovered narcotine in 1803.

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12
Q

What is the most important opium alkaloid?

A

Morphine.

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13
Q

Which alkaloids were discovered by Pelletier and Caventou?

A

Brucine, emetine, strychnine, piperine, quinine, caffeine, colchicine, and coniine.

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14
Q

What is the significance of Schiff’s discovery?

A

He established the structure of coniine, the first alkaloid with an established structure.

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15
Q

What are true alkaloids?

A

Compounds with nitrogen atoms enclosed within a ring system.

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16
Q

What are pseudoalkaloids?

A

Alkaloids that are not derived from amino acids.

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17
Q

What is the role of tannic acid in relation to alkaloids?

A

It acts as a universal antidote by precipitating alkaloids and inhibiting their absorption in the stomach.

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18
Q

What is the classification of alkaloids based on their structure?

A

They can be classified as true alkaloids, pseudoalkaloids, and protoalkaloids.

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19
Q

What is the Shikimic Acid Pathway?

A

A metabolic pathway that leads to the synthesis of various compounds including gallic acid and hydrolyzable tannins.

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20
Q

What is the positive result for the Marquis test?

A

Blue color indicates the presence of codeine.

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21
Q

What are the products of the chorismate pathway?

A

Anthraquinone, Phenol, Alcohol.

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22
Q

What are the products of the prephenate pathway?

A

Aldehyde, Lactone, Flavonoid.

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23
Q

What is catechin classified as?

A

Flavan-3-ol.

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24
Q

What type of tannins are condensed/non-hydrolyzable?

A

NHT (Non-Hydrolyzable Tannins).

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25
Q

What is the significance of phenylalanine in newborn screening?

A

It is tested for the presence of phenyl hydroxylase, which is crucial for the production of tyrosine and affects CNS development.

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26
Q

What condition is caused by a lack of phenyl hydroxylase?

A

Phenylketonuria, which can lead to mental retardation.

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27
Q

What are the main types of alkaloidal rings mentioned?

A

Pyridine, Piperidine, Pyrrolidine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Imidazole, Indole, Purine, Tropane.

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28
Q

What is nicotine derived from?

A

Pyrrolidone.

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29
Q

What is the scientific name for nicotine?

A

Nicotiana tabacum.

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30
Q

What is the primary use of nicotine?

A

As a smoking deterrent and CNS stimulant.

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31
Q

What is the scientific name of Areca Nut?

A

Areca catechu.

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32
Q

What is the main constituent of Areca Nut?

A

Arecoline.

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33
Q

What are the uses of Areca Nut?

A

Masticatory (betel chewing), taenicide, anthelmintic (veterinary).

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34
Q

What is the scientific name of Lobelia?

A

Lobelia inflata.

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35
Q

What is the main constituent of Lobelia?

A

Lobeline.

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36
Q

What is a significant use of Lobelia?

A

Smoking deterrent.

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37
Q

What is the scientific name of Poison Hemlock?

A

Conium maculatum.

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38
Q

What is the main constituent of Poison Hemlock?

A

Coniine.

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39
Q

What historical use did Poison Hemlock have?

A

Used by Greeks for executions, including Socrates.

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40
Q

What is the scientific name of Duboisia?

A

Duboisia myoporoides.

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41
Q

What alkaloids are primarily sourced from Duboisia?

A

Atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine.

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42
Q

What is the scientific name of Belladonna?

A

Atropa belladonna.

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43
Q

What are the main constituents of Belladonna?

A

Hyoscyamine and atropine.

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44
Q

What is a primary use of Belladonna?

A

Anticholinergic effects (mydriatic, antidiarrheal).

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45
Q

What is the scientific name of Jimson Weed?

A

Datura stramonium.

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46
Q

What are the constituents of Jimson Weed?

A

Hyoscyamine and scopolamine.

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47
Q

What is the use of Jimson Weed?

A

Anticholinergic, vapor from burnt weed relieves asthma.

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48
Q

What is the scientific name of Mandragora?

A

Mandragora officinarum.

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49
Q

What are the constituents of Mandragora?

A

Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, mandragorine.

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50
Q

What are the aromatic portions of belladonna alkaloids?

A

Tropic acid.

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51
Q

What is the primary use of atropine?

A

For eye examinations as a mydriatic.

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52
Q

What is the scientific name of coca?

A

Erythroxylum coca.

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53
Q

What is the primary constituent of coca?

A

Cocaine.

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54
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cocaine?

A

Blocks reuptake of dopamine back to presynaptic neurons.

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55
Q

What are the constituents of cinchona?

A

Quinine and quinidine.

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56
Q

What condition does quinine primarily treat?

A

Malaria.

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57
Q

What is cinchonism?

A

Loss of hearing, ringing in the ears, impaired sight due to quinine.

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58
Q

What is the effect of quinine on Plasmodium?

A

It prevents the conversion of heme to hemozoin, leading to the death of Plasmodium.

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59
Q

What is the use of quinidine?

A

For prophylaxis of cardiac arrhythmias and treatment of AFib.

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60
Q

What is the scientific name of the Happy Tree?

A

Camptotheca acuminata.

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61
Q

What is the main constituent of Camptotheca acuminata?

A

Camptothecin (CPT).

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62
Q

How does camptothecin act in malignant cells?

A

It acts as a topoisomerase inhibitor.

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63
Q

What types of cancer are treated with camptothecin derivatives?

A

Colon and lung cancer.

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64
Q

What are the two classes of isoquinoline alkaloids mentioned?

A

Benzylisoquinoline and Tetrahydroisoquinoline.

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65
Q

What is the scientific name of Ipecac?

A

Cephaelis ipecacuanha.

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66
Q

What are the main constituents of Ipecac?

A

Cephaeline and emetine.

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67
Q

What is the use of Ipecac?

A

As a local emetic and in poison antidote kits.

68
Q

What is the scientific name of Goldenseal?

A

Hydrastis canadensis.

69
Q

What are the constituents of Goldenseal?

A

Hydrastine, berberine, and canadine.

70
Q

What is the use of Goldenseal?

A

As an astringent in inflammation of mucous membranes.

71
Q

What is the scientific name of Blood Root?

A

Sanguinaria canadensis.

72
Q

Which family does Blood Root belong to?

A

Papaveraceae.

73
Q

What are the main constituents of Blood Root?

A

Sanguinarine, chelerythrine, protopine.

74
Q

What is Tubocurarine derived from?

A

Strychnos castelnaei.

75
Q

What type of muscle relaxant is Tubocurarine?

A

Nondepolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant.

76
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Tubocurarine?

A

Blocks nerve impulses to skeletal muscles, causing paralysis.

77
Q

What is the primary alkaloid found in opium?

A

Morphine.

78
Q

What are the uses of opium?

A

CNS stimulant, depressant, narcotic analgesic, hypnotic.

79
Q

What is the significance of meconic acid in opium?

A

It indicates the presence of opium and serves as a chemotaxonomic marker for Papaveraceae.

80
Q

What are some examples of indole alkaloids?

A

Ergotamine, physostigmine, reserpine, strychnine.

81
Q

What is the effect of morphine?

A

Narcotic analgesic and hypnotic.

82
Q

What is the relationship between codeine and morphine?

A

Codeine is a less potent derivative of morphine, used as an antitussive.

83
Q

What is the effect of heroin compared to morphine?

A

Heroin has more pronounced effects and is habit-forming.

84
Q

What is the role of apomorphine?

A

It acts as a central emetic for poisonings.

85
Q

What is the scientific name of Indian Snakeroot?

A

Rauvolfia serpentina.

86
Q

What is the primary use of Reserpine?

A

Hypotensive (antihypertensive), sedative, tranquilizer.

87
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Reserpine?

A

Depletion of norepinephrine by inhibiting storage in postganglionic adrenergic endings.

88
Q

What is the scientific name of Periwinkle?

A

Catharanthus roseus.

89
Q

What are the main constituents of Periwinkle?

A

Vincristine and vinblastine.

90
Q

What is the MOA of vincristine and vinblastine?

A

Arrest cell division at metaphase, antimitotic.

91
Q

What is the scientific name of Nux Vomica?

A

Strychnos nux vomica.

92
Q

What are the main constituents of Nux Vomica?

A

Strychnine and Brucine.

93
Q

What is the primary use of Physostigma venenosum?

A

For treatment of glaucoma and myasthenia gravis.

94
Q

What is the MOA of Physostigmine?

A

Anticholinesterase, enhances the effect of acetylcholine.

95
Q

What is the scientific name of Ergot?

A

Claviceps purpurea.

96
Q

What condition can ergotism cause?

A

Gangrene due to vasoconstrictive effects.

97
Q

What is the MOA of ergotamine?

A

Constricts blood vessels in the brain, lowering intracranial pressure.

98
Q

What is the scientific name of Jaborandi?

A

Pilocarpus jaborandi.

99
Q

What is the primary use of Pilocarpine?

A

Muscarinic agonist for treatment of glaucoma.

100
Q

What are the two groups of steroidal alkaloids classified by carbon number?

A

C27 group and C21 group.

101
Q

What is the primary use of Hellebore?

A

Used as an insecticide.

102
Q

What are alkaloidal amines also known as?

A

Protoalkaloids.

103
Q

What is a key characteristic of protoalkaloids?

A

They do not have nitrogen as part of their heterocyclic ring system but are derived from amino acids.

104
Q

From which amino acid are many protoalkaloids derived?

A

Phenylalanine.

105
Q

What are some properties of protoalkaloids?

A

Antibacterial, antimalarial, and potential genotoxic properties.

106
Q

What is the scientific name of Ma Huang?

A

Ephedra sinica.

107
Q

What is ephedrine used for?

A

To combat hypotensive states, nasal congestion, asthma, and allergic conditions.

108
Q

What tragic event is associated with ephedrine?

A

It caused hemorrhagic stroke in female patients over 40 years old.

109
Q

What is the scientific name of Autumn Crocus?

A

Colchicum autumnale.

110
Q

What is colchicine primarily used for?

A

As a first-line treatment for acute gout.

111
Q

What is the scientific name of Khat?

A

Catha edulis.

112
Q

What effect does cathinone have?

A

It has an indirect adrenergic effect, alleviating hunger and fatigue.

113
Q

What is the scientific name of Peyote?

A

Lophophora williamsii.

114
Q

What is mescaline known for?

A

Being the first psychotomimetic, hallucinogen, and euphoric substance.

115
Q

What are purine bases also known as?

A

Pseudoalkaloids.

116
Q

What is a key pharmacological effect of methylxanthines?

A

They are potent bronchodilators and stimulants due to increased cAMP via PDE inhibition.

117
Q

What is caffeine’s role in beverages?

A

It is a central stimulant and diuretic, commonly found in carbonated beverages.

118
Q

What is the scientific name of Cola nuts?

A

Cola nitida.

119
Q

What is the scientific name of the coffee bean?

A

Coffea arabica.

120
Q

What is the primary constituent of coffee?

A

Caffeine.

121
Q

What is the caffeine content in decaffeinized coffee?

A

Up to 0.08%.

122
Q

What is the scientific name of guarana?

A

Paullinia cupana.

123
Q

How does the caffeine content of guarana compare to coffee?

A

It has twice as much caffeine as coffee seeds.

124
Q

What is the scientific name of mate or Paraguay tea?

A

Ilex paraguariensis.

125
Q

What are the uses of mate?

A

Laxative, purgative, diaphoretic, diuretic.

126
Q

What is the scientific name of tea?

A

Camelia sinensis.

127
Q

What are the constituents of tea?

A

Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline.

128
Q

What is the effective dose of theophylline for asthma relief?

A

10 mg.

129
Q

What is the scientific name of cocoa?

A

Theobroma cacao.

130
Q

What is the primary constituent of cocoa?

A

Theobromine.

131
Q

What is the scientific name of Caucasian snowdrop?

A

Galanthus woronowii.

132
Q

What is galantamine used for?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor.

133
Q

What is the scientific name of monkshood?

A

Aconitum napellus.

134
Q

What can aconitine induce?

A

Cholinergic excess (nausea, diarrhea, hypotension, etc.).

135
Q

What is the antidote for organophosphate poisoning?

A

Atropine (physiologic), Pralidoxime (2-PAM

136
Q

What is the chemical name for methylmorphine?

A

Codeine.

137
Q

What is a skeletal muscle relaxant without deep anesthesia?

A

Tubocurarine.

138
Q

Which of the following is not an isoquinoline alkaloid?

A

Catharanthus.

139
Q

What is colchicine used for?

A

As an antimitotic agent.

140
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Highly selective organic catalysts produced by living organisms.

141
Q

How do enzymes exert their catalytic reactions?

A

By lowering the energy of activation (Ea) of a reaction.

142
Q

What is the optimal temperature range for enzyme activity?

A

Between 35°C and 40°C.

143
Q

What happens to enzymes at temperatures above 65°C?

A

They become denatured.

144
Q

What are the two main classifications of enzymes based on the type of reaction catalyzed?

A

Oxidoreductases and Transferases.

145
Q

What do hydrolases do?

A

Cleave molecules through hydrolysis.

146
Q

What is the function of lipase?

A

Converts fats into glycerin and fatty acids.

147
Q

What is the role of pepsin?

A

Acts in gastric juice to digest proteins into proteoses and peptones.

148
Q

What is the function of trypsin?

A

Converts proteoses and peptones into polypeptides and amino acids in the small intestine.

149
Q

What does invertase do?

A

Converts sucrose into glucose and fructose.

150
Q

What is papain and where is it found?

A

Papain, known as ‘vegetable pepsin’, is found in unripe fruit of Carica papaya.

151
Q

What are the uses of papain?

A

1) Meat tenderizer, digestant 2) Relieves episiotomy 3) Ingredient in cleansing solutions for contact lenses.

152
Q

What is the function of peroxidase?

A

Peroxidase catalyzes oxidation reactions and causes discoloration of bruised fruits.

153
Q

What does thrombin do?

A

Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin, forming a clot.

154
Q

What is pancreatin and its uses?

A

Pancreatin contains lipase, amylase, and protease

155
Q

What is the difference between pancreatin and pancrelipase?

A

Pancrelipase is a more concentrated form of pancreatin with increased lipase, amylase, and protease activity.

156
Q

What is chymopapain used for?

A

Chymopapain is used for the treatment of herniated lumbar intervertebral discs and relieves lower back pains.

157
Q

What are bromelains and their uses?

A

Bromelains are protein-digesting, milk-clotting enzymes from pineapple, used for anti-inflammatory purposes and to increase tissue repair.

158
Q

What is the function of hyaluronidase?

A

Hyaluronidase hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, promoting diffusion and hastening absorption.

159
Q

What is the use of streptokinase?

A

Streptokinase is used for the treatment of pulmonary embolism and thrombosis.

160
Q

What is L-asparaginase and its use?

A

L-asparaginase is used to induce remissions in acute leukemia by degrading L-asparagine.

161
Q

What is the use of levodopa?

A

Levodopa is used to relieve symptoms of parkinsonism.

162
Q

What is the function of protamine sulfate?

A

Protamine sulfate neutralizes heparin.

163
Q

What is the role of heparin?

A

Heparin acts as an anticoagulant, prolonging clotting time.

164
Q

What are the uses of penicillamine?

A

Penicillamine is used as a metal chelating agent for Wilson’s disease and in rheumatoid arthritis.

165
Q

What is gelatin and its uses?

A

Gelatin is formed from the partial hydrolysis of collagen and is used as an encapsulating agent and in topical protectants.

COURSE AUDIT 1 MODULE 2 (8 decks)

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