PCOG TANNINS AND LIPIDS Flashcards
What are tannins primarily composed of?
A mixture of polyphenols that do not crystallize.
What are the usual sources of tannins?
Barks and stems.
What are some uses of tannins?
Astringent, antidote to alkaloidal poisoning, precipitants, and in the tanning and dyeing industry.
What is a caution associated with tannins?
They can be carcinogenic, such as in the chewing of betel nut.
What are pseudotannins?
Simpler phenolic substances with a molecular weight of around <1,000.
How do pseudotannins differ from true tannins?
Pseudotannins do not precipitate leather but can precipitate gelatin.
What is the molecular weight range of true tannins?
Around 1,000 to 5,000.
What is the significance of molecular size in true tannins?
They must be moderate-sized to effectively crosslink protein molecules.
What are the two classifications of true tannins?
Hydrolyzable tannins and non-hydrolyzable tannins.
What happens to hydrolyzable tannins when treated with 3N HCl?
They are easily hydrolyzed to sugar and phenolic acids.
What color indicates a positive test for tannins with FeCl3?
Blue-black color.
What is the result of the matchstick test for tannins?
A positive result shows a pink or red color.
What are hydrolyzable tannins primarily composed of?
They contain glucose, thus forming glycosides.
How are hydrolyzable tannins classified?
Based on the phenolic aglycones, such as gallotannin and ellagitannin.
What is the aglycone of gallotannin?
Gallic acid.
What distinguishes non-hydrolyzable (condensed) tannins from hydrolyzable tannins?
Non-hydrolyzable tannins contain flavonoids and do not readily hydrolyze to simpler molecules.
What are common sources of non-hydrolyzable tannins?
Cinnamon bark, hamamelis bark, Krameria, male fern roots, cocoa, kola, and areca seed.
What is a characteristic of complex tannins?
They are a hybrid mix of both hydrolyzable and non-hydrolyzable tannins.
What is the scientific name of witch hazel?
Hamamelis virginiana.
What are the uses of witch hazel?
It has astringent and hemostatic properties and is anti-inflammatory.
What is the scientific name of nutgall?
Quercus infectoria.
What causes the formation of nutgall?
The puncture of the insect Cynips tinctoria.
What is the primary use of nutgall?
In the tanning and dyeing industry, as well as an astringent.
What is the scientific name of Pomegranate?
Punica granatum.
What is the primary constituent of Pomegranate?
28% ellagitannin (primarily punicalagin).
What are the uses of Pomegranate?
Astringent, for diarrhea, synergism with antibiotics, potential against herpes and HIV.
What is the scientific name of Cranberry?
Vaccinium macrocarpon.
What is the primary use of Cranberry?
For urinary tract infections.
What is the solubility of Cranberry constituents?
Soluble in water, alcohol, glycerol, dilute alkalis, and acetone
What does the Gelatin Test indicate?
It yields positive for both true tannin and pseudotannin.
What is the significance of the Matchstick Test?
It tests for catechin (pseudotannin) and indicates the presence of non-hydrolysable tannins.
What are general uses of tannins?
Astringent, treatment for burns, protein precipitant, antioxidant, and antidote.
What are the dangers associated with tannins?
Can cause severe central necrosis of the liver (hepatotoxic) and are carcinogenic.
What is the basic unit of lipids?
Triglyceride, formed from three fatty acids and one glycerol.
What are the three kinds of lipids mentioned?
Fixed oils, fats, and waxes.
What is the state of fixed oils at room temperature?
Liquid, except for cocoa butter.
What distinguishes fats from fixed oils?
Fats are saturated and solid at room temperature, while fixed oils are unsaturated and liquid.
What is unique about jojoba oil?
It is the only liquid plant wax.
What does the acid value measure?
The number of mg KOH needed to neutralize the free acids in 1 g of sample.
What does the iodine number indicate?
The degree of unsaturation in fats or oils, measuring the number of double bonds.
What are the three classes of active ingredients in medicinal plants?
Terpenes, aromatic compounds, and alkaloids.
What is the significance of the mevalonate pathway?
It is involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids and fatty acids.
What is the role of Acetyl CoA in lipid biosynthesis?
It combines with malonyl to form fatty acids, glycerol, and other lipids.
What is the starting compound in the Mevalonate Pathway that leads to the formation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)?
Mevalonate.
What are the two isomers produced in the Mevalonate Pathway?
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).
What is the product of the reaction between DMAPP and IPP?
Geranyl Pyrophosphate (GPP).
What does GPP combine with to form Farnesyl Pyrophosphate (FPP)?
Another molecule of IPP.
What are the two types of volatile oils derived from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes?
Acyclic and cyclic non-aromatic volatile oils.
What are the products of FPP when it undergoes further reactions?
Sterols and triterpenes.
What is the role of Ubiquinone in the Electron Transport Chain?
It acts as an electron carrier and is an antioxidant.
What is the main unit of triglycerides?
Glycerol and three fatty acids.
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglycerides?
Saturated triglycerides have no double bonds, while unsaturated triglycerides have double bonds.
What is the scientific name of the castor oil seed?
Ricinus communis.
What toxic component is found in castor oil seeds?
Ricin, a toxic lectin.
What is the primary use of ricinoleic acid derived from castor oil?
As a stimulant cathartic and in vaginal jelly.
What is the scientific name of Olive Oil?
Ripe fruit of Olea europea.
What is the primary use of Castor Oil?
Plasticizer in flexible collodion.
What is Azelaic acid used for?
Treatment of acne.
What is the scientific name of Soybean Oil?
Ripe seed of Glycine soja.
What is a significant constituent of Coconut Oil?
Lauric and myristic acids.
What is the primary use of Safflower Oil?
Varnish or waterproofing material, antilipemic.
What is the scientific name of Theobroma Oil?
Roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao.
What is the main constituent of Saw Palmetto?
Lauric acid.
What is the use of Ethiodized Oil?
Radiopaque
What are the constituents of Rapeseed/Canola Oil?
Oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids.
What is the scientific name for corn oil?
Oil from the embryo of Zea mays.
What are the main constituents of corn oil?
Oleic and linoleic acid.
What is gossypol and where is it found?
A toxic principle found in cottonseed oil (Gossypium hirsutum).
What is the primary use of peanut oil?
As a dietary supplement and cooking oil.
What is lanolin derived from?
Purified fat-like substance from the wool of sheep (Ovis aries).
What is the main therapeutic use of cod liver oil?
It is a predominant source of vitamins A and D.
What fatty acids are produced from the hydrolysis of fats or oils?
Stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid.
What is the use of stearic acid?
As an emulsion adjunct and tablet lubricant.
What is the significance of linoleic and linolenic acid?
They are essential fatty acids and precursors of prostaglandins.
What is the scientific name for lard?
From the purified internal fat of Sus scrofa (pig).
What are the types of saturated fatty acids listed?
Caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and arachidic.
What are the types of unsaturated fatty acids listed?
Palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic.
What is the classification of unsaturated fatty acids based on the number of double bonds?
Monounsaturated (1 C=C) or polyunsaturated (more than 1).
What is the delta notation used for in unsaturated fatty acids?
It indicates the number of carbons, double bonds, and locants of double bonds.
What is the omega number in fatty acids?
It represents the number of carbons from the last one before reaching the first double bond.
What is the primary function of waxes in plants?
Protection from loss of water and control of consistency in ointments and cosmetic creams.
What is spermaceti and its source?
A wax obtained from the head of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus).
What is beeswax and its significant lipid constituents?
A wax produced by honeybees (Apis mellifera), containing myricyl palmitate and free cerotic acid.
What is the use of propolis collected by bees?
It is used to fill cracks or gaps in the hive.
What is the scientific name of carnauba wax?
Copernicia prunifera.
What are prostaglandins derived from?
C20 lipid metabolites derived from essential unsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid.
What is the use of Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)?
Palliative therapy for neonates with patent ductus arteriosus and congenital heart defects.
What is the primary use of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)?
Termination of second trimester pregnancy.
What adverse effects are associated with Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)?
Vomiting, pyrexia, diarrhea, nausea, but no hypertension and vasoconstriction.
What is the function of Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)?
It acts as a uterine stimulant and is used for termination of second trimester pregnancy.
What is the use of 15-Methylprostaglandin F2α (Carboprost)?
Termination of second trimester pregnancy and as a uterine stimulant given deep IM.
What is Misoprostol used for?
Treatment of NSAID-induced ulcers
Why is Misoprostol banned in some countries?
Due to its abortifacient properties.
What are eicosanoids derived from?
C20 derivatives of arachidonic acid.
What enzymes are involved in the production of eicosanoids?
COX and LOX enzymes.
What are the main types of eicosanoid derivatives?
Prostaglandin, prostacyclin, thromboxane, HETEs, leukotriene, lipoxin.
What is the role of NSAIDs in relation to COX enzymes?
NSAIDs inhibit COX enzymes, reducing the production of prostanoids.
What is a potential side effect of COX-2 inhibitors?
They may be linked to cardiovascular problems.
What is the effect of leukotrienes in asthma?
Leukotrienes are 400x more potent as inflammatory agents and bronchoconstrictors than prostaglandins.
Why are NSAIDs contraindicated for asthmatic patients?
Inhibiting COX can lead to increased LOX activity, inducing bronchoconstriction.
What is the role of corticosteroids in asthma management?
They inhibit phospholipase, preventing the formation of arachidonic acid and inflammation.
What do bronchodilators do in asthma treatment?
They help relieve asthma attacks by dilating the airways.
