Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

COURSE AUDIT 1 MODULE 2 > PCOG TANNINS AND LIPIDS > Flashcards

PCOG TANNINS AND LIPIDS Flashcards

1
Q

What are tannins primarily composed of?

A

A mixture of polyphenols that do not crystallize.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the usual sources of tannins?

A

Barks and stems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some uses of tannins?

A

Astringent, antidote to alkaloidal poisoning, precipitants, and in the tanning and dyeing industry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a caution associated with tannins?

A

They can be carcinogenic, such as in the chewing of betel nut.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are pseudotannins?

A

Simpler phenolic substances with a molecular weight of around <1,000.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do pseudotannins differ from true tannins?

A

Pseudotannins do not precipitate leather but can precipitate gelatin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the molecular weight range of true tannins?

A

Around 1,000 to 5,000.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the significance of molecular size in true tannins?

A

They must be moderate-sized to effectively crosslink protein molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two classifications of true tannins?

A

Hydrolyzable tannins and non-hydrolyzable tannins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to hydrolyzable tannins when treated with 3N HCl?

A

They are easily hydrolyzed to sugar and phenolic acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What color indicates a positive test for tannins with FeCl3?

A

Blue-black color.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the result of the matchstick test for tannins?

A

A positive result shows a pink or red color.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are hydrolyzable tannins primarily composed of?

A

They contain glucose, thus forming glycosides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are hydrolyzable tannins classified?

A

Based on the phenolic aglycones, such as gallotannin and ellagitannin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the aglycone of gallotannin?

A

Gallic acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What distinguishes non-hydrolyzable (condensed) tannins from hydrolyzable tannins?

A

Non-hydrolyzable tannins contain flavonoids and do not readily hydrolyze to simpler molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are common sources of non-hydrolyzable tannins?

A

Cinnamon bark, hamamelis bark, Krameria, male fern roots, cocoa, kola, and areca seed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a characteristic of complex tannins?

A

They are a hybrid mix of both hydrolyzable and non-hydrolyzable tannins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the scientific name of witch hazel?

A

Hamamelis virginiana.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the uses of witch hazel?

A

It has astringent and hemostatic properties and is anti-inflammatory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the scientific name of nutgall?

A

Quercus infectoria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What causes the formation of nutgall?

A

The puncture of the insect Cynips tinctoria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the primary use of nutgall?

A

In the tanning and dyeing industry, as well as an astringent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the scientific name of Pomegranate?

A

Punica granatum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the primary constituent of Pomegranate?

A

28% ellagitannin (primarily punicalagin).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the uses of Pomegranate?

A

Astringent, for diarrhea, synergism with antibiotics, potential against herpes and HIV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the scientific name of Cranberry?

A

Vaccinium macrocarpon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the primary use of Cranberry?

A

For urinary tract infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the solubility of Cranberry constituents?

A

Soluble in water, alcohol, glycerol, dilute alkalis, and acetone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the Gelatin Test indicate?

A

It yields positive for both true tannin and pseudotannin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the significance of the Matchstick Test?

A

It tests for catechin (pseudotannin) and indicates the presence of non-hydrolysable tannins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are general uses of tannins?

A

Astringent, treatment for burns, protein precipitant, antioxidant, and antidote.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the dangers associated with tannins?

A

Can cause severe central necrosis of the liver (hepatotoxic) and are carcinogenic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the basic unit of lipids?

A

Triglyceride, formed from three fatty acids and one glycerol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the three kinds of lipids mentioned?

A

Fixed oils, fats, and waxes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the state of fixed oils at room temperature?

A

Liquid, except for cocoa butter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What distinguishes fats from fixed oils?

A

Fats are saturated and solid at room temperature, while fixed oils are unsaturated and liquid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is unique about jojoba oil?

A

It is the only liquid plant wax.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the acid value measure?

A

The number of mg KOH needed to neutralize the free acids in 1 g of sample.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does the iodine number indicate?

A

The degree of unsaturation in fats or oils, measuring the number of double bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the three classes of active ingredients in medicinal plants?

A

Terpenes, aromatic compounds, and alkaloids.

42
Q

What is the significance of the mevalonate pathway?

A

It is involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids and fatty acids.

43
Q

What is the role of Acetyl CoA in lipid biosynthesis?

A

It combines with malonyl to form fatty acids, glycerol, and other lipids.

44
Q

What is the starting compound in the Mevalonate Pathway that leads to the formation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)?

A

Mevalonate.

45
Q

What are the two isomers produced in the Mevalonate Pathway?

A

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).

46
Q

What is the product of the reaction between DMAPP and IPP?

A

Geranyl Pyrophosphate (GPP).

47
Q

What does GPP combine with to form Farnesyl Pyrophosphate (FPP)?

A

Another molecule of IPP.

48
Q

What are the two types of volatile oils derived from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes?

A

Acyclic and cyclic non-aromatic volatile oils.

49
Q

What are the products of FPP when it undergoes further reactions?

A

Sterols and triterpenes.

50
Q

What is the role of Ubiquinone in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

It acts as an electron carrier and is an antioxidant.

51
Q

What is the main unit of triglycerides?

A

Glycerol and three fatty acids.

52
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglycerides?

A

Saturated triglycerides have no double bonds, while unsaturated triglycerides have double bonds.

53
Q

What is the scientific name of the castor oil seed?

A

Ricinus communis.

54
Q

What toxic component is found in castor oil seeds?

A

Ricin, a toxic lectin.

55
Q

What is the primary use of ricinoleic acid derived from castor oil?

A

As a stimulant cathartic and in vaginal jelly.

56
Q

What is the scientific name of Olive Oil?

A

Ripe fruit of Olea europea.

57
Q

What is the primary use of Castor Oil?

A

Plasticizer in flexible collodion.

58
Q

What is Azelaic acid used for?

A

Treatment of acne.

59
Q

What is the scientific name of Soybean Oil?

A

Ripe seed of Glycine soja.

60
Q

What is a significant constituent of Coconut Oil?

A

Lauric and myristic acids.

61
Q

What is the primary use of Safflower Oil?

A

Varnish or waterproofing material, antilipemic.

62
Q

What is the scientific name of Theobroma Oil?

A

Roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao.

63
Q

What is the main constituent of Saw Palmetto?

A

Lauric acid.

64
Q

What is the use of Ethiodized Oil?

A

Radiopaque

65
Q

What are the constituents of Rapeseed/Canola Oil?

A

Oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids.

66
Q

What is the scientific name for corn oil?

A

Oil from the embryo of Zea mays.

67
Q

What are the main constituents of corn oil?

A

Oleic and linoleic acid.

68
Q

What is gossypol and where is it found?

A

A toxic principle found in cottonseed oil (Gossypium hirsutum).

69
Q

What is the primary use of peanut oil?

A

As a dietary supplement and cooking oil.

70
Q

What is lanolin derived from?

A

Purified fat-like substance from the wool of sheep (Ovis aries).

71
Q

What is the main therapeutic use of cod liver oil?

A

It is a predominant source of vitamins A and D.

72
Q

What fatty acids are produced from the hydrolysis of fats or oils?

A

Stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid.

73
Q

What is the use of stearic acid?

A

As an emulsion adjunct and tablet lubricant.

74
Q

What is the significance of linoleic and linolenic acid?

A

They are essential fatty acids and precursors of prostaglandins.

75
Q

What is the scientific name for lard?

A

From the purified internal fat of Sus scrofa (pig).

76
Q

What are the types of saturated fatty acids listed?

A

Caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and arachidic.

77
Q

What are the types of unsaturated fatty acids listed?

A

Palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic.

78
Q

What is the classification of unsaturated fatty acids based on the number of double bonds?

A

Monounsaturated (1 C=C) or polyunsaturated (more than 1).

79
Q

What is the delta notation used for in unsaturated fatty acids?

A

It indicates the number of carbons, double bonds, and locants of double bonds.

80
Q

What is the omega number in fatty acids?

A

It represents the number of carbons from the last one before reaching the first double bond.

81
Q

What is the primary function of waxes in plants?

A

Protection from loss of water and control of consistency in ointments and cosmetic creams.

82
Q

What is spermaceti and its source?

A

A wax obtained from the head of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus).

83
Q

What is beeswax and its significant lipid constituents?

A

A wax produced by honeybees (Apis mellifera), containing myricyl palmitate and free cerotic acid.

84
Q

What is the use of propolis collected by bees?

A

It is used to fill cracks or gaps in the hive.

85
Q

What is the scientific name of carnauba wax?

A

Copernicia prunifera.

86
Q

What are prostaglandins derived from?

A

C20 lipid metabolites derived from essential unsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid.

87
Q

What is the use of Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)?

A

Palliative therapy for neonates with patent ductus arteriosus and congenital heart defects.

88
Q

What is the primary use of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)?

A

Termination of second trimester pregnancy.

89
Q

What adverse effects are associated with Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)?

A

Vomiting, pyrexia, diarrhea, nausea, but no hypertension and vasoconstriction.

90
Q

What is the function of Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)?

A

It acts as a uterine stimulant and is used for termination of second trimester pregnancy.

91
Q

What is the use of 15-Methylprostaglandin F2α (Carboprost)?

A

Termination of second trimester pregnancy and as a uterine stimulant given deep IM.

92
Q

What is Misoprostol used for?

A

Treatment of NSAID-induced ulcers

93
Q

Why is Misoprostol banned in some countries?

A

Due to its abortifacient properties.

94
Q

What are eicosanoids derived from?

A

C20 derivatives of arachidonic acid.

95
Q

What enzymes are involved in the production of eicosanoids?

A

COX and LOX enzymes.

96
Q

What are the main types of eicosanoid derivatives?

A

Prostaglandin, prostacyclin, thromboxane, HETEs, leukotriene, lipoxin.

97
Q

What is the role of NSAIDs in relation to COX enzymes?

A

NSAIDs inhibit COX enzymes, reducing the production of prostanoids.

98
Q

What is a potential side effect of COX-2 inhibitors?

A

They may be linked to cardiovascular problems.

99
Q

What is the effect of leukotrienes in asthma?

A

Leukotrienes are 400x more potent as inflammatory agents and bronchoconstrictors than prostaglandins.

100
Q

Why are NSAIDs contraindicated for asthmatic patients?

A

Inhibiting COX can lead to increased LOX activity, inducing bronchoconstriction.

101
Q

What is the role of corticosteroids in asthma management?

A

They inhibit phospholipase, preventing the formation of arachidonic acid and inflammation.

102
Q

What do bronchodilators do in asthma treatment?

A

They help relieve asthma attacks by dilating the airways.

COURSE AUDIT 1 MODULE 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions