PCOG: INTRO Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacognosy?

A

The study of drugs of biologic origin, including their properties and uses.

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2
Q

What are crude drugs?

A

Natural substances that have only undergone the processes of collection and drying.

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3
Q

What is the significance of the Papyrus Ebers?

A

It is an ancient Egyptian document containing 600-700 citations of drugs from plants or animals, discovered in 1550 BC.

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4
Q

Who is known as the Father of Pharmacology?

A

Pedanios Dioscorides.

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5
Q

What does molecular pharmacognosy involve?

A

Manipulation of genes, proteins, and enzymes using biotechnology to influence the synthesis of active ingredients.

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6
Q

What is ecopharmacognosy?

A

The practice of increasing the sustainability of natural sources to avoid depletion, involving proper collection and cultivation.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of drying crude drugs?

A

To remove moisture, protect from microbial damage, and fix the constituents.

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8
Q

What is the term ‘menstruum’ in pharmacognosy?

A

A solvent or liquid mixture that dissolves the chief constituents of a drug.

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9
Q

What is the difference between indigenous and naturalized plants?

A

Indigenous plants grow in their native regions, while naturalized plants grow in foreign lands.

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10
Q

What is garbling in the preparation of crude drugs?

A

The final step involving the physical or mechanical removal of extraneous matter from the crude drug.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of packaging, storing, and preservation of crude drugs?

A

To protect from environmental conditions and insect attacks, and for marketability.

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12
Q

What is the simplest method to preserve crude drugs from insect attacks?

A

Exposure to 65° C.

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13
Q

What are the types of crude extracts mentioned?

A

Pilular, Syrupy, and Powdered.

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14
Q

What is the maceration method of extraction?

A

Submerging the solute in a suitable solvent for 48-72 hours.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of percolation in extraction?

A

To allow slow and intimate extraction using filtration and gravity.

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16
Q

What does organoleptic evaluation involve?

A

Macroscopic evaluation by means of the senses (odor, color, taste, etc.).

17
Q

What is the significance of biological assays in drug evaluation?

A

To determine pharmacologic activity using living organisms.

18
Q

What is the best method for determining the official potency of drugs?

A

Chemical assays, including titrimetric and quantitative analyses.

19
Q

How are drugs classified morphologically?

A

According to the part of the plant used.

20
Q

What does taxonomic classification consider?

A

Phylogeny, the natural relationship among plants and animals.

21
Q

What family does guava belong to?

A

Myrtaceae.

22
Q

Which plant is known for its antihypertensive properties?

A

Garlic (Allium sativum).

23
Q

What is the primary use of ampalaya?

A

As an anti-diabetes mellitus supplement.

24
Q

What are secondary metabolites?

A

Chemical entities in crude drugs responsible for therapeutic properties.

25
Q

What is drug biosynthesis?

A

The process of producing secondary metabolites used as drugs.

26
Q

What does adulteration refer to?

A

The debasement or spoilage of an article, making it substandard.

27
Q

What is the significance of gibberellic acid (GA) in pharmacognosy?

A

It increases cardiac glycoside formation in the digitalis plant.

28
Q

Which plant is used as an anti-gout remedy?

A

Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida).

29
Q

What is the role of heredity in the production of secondary metabolites?

A

It influences the genes and variety of the plant, affecting metabolite concentration.

30
Q

What is the primary function of the active constituents in drugs?

A

They are pharmacologically or pharmaceutically active substances.