Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine Unit 2 > PBL week 2 wrap up > Flashcards

PBL week 2 wrap up Flashcards

1
Q

describe the location of the oesophagus

A

long fibromuscular tube
pharynx to stomach, C6 to C11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cross-sectional anatomy of the oesophagus

A

adventitia
muscularis externa
submucosa
mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

adventitia

A

outer layer of connective tissue (very distal and intraperitoneal portion of oesophagus has an outer covering of serosa instead)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

muscularis externa

A

external layer of longitudinal muscle and inner layer of circular muscle
in superior third: voluntary striated muscle
middle third: voluntary striated and Smooth muscle
inferior third: smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is food transported through the oesophagus

A

peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of the muscles which propagate down the oesophagus, coordinated by the myenteric plexus
hardening of the muscles can interfere and cause dysphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

upper oesophageal sphincter

A

anatomical, striated muscle sphincter
junction between the pharynx and oesophagus
produced by cricopharyngeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lower oesophageal sphincter

A

located at the gastro-oesophageal junction
between the stomach and oesophagus
left of the T11 vertebra and marked by change from oesophageal and gastric mucosa
relaxed in peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

layers of the muscularis externa

A

from superficial to deep
longitudinal muscle
circular muscle
oblique muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which region of abdomen is the stomach located

A

epigastric
partly in the left hypochondriac and umbilical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A

cardia: surrounds opening of oesophagus into stomach
fundus: area above the cardia orifice
body: largest region
pylorus: connects stomach to duodenum, divided into the pyloric antrum and pyloric canal and is the distal end of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 sphincters of the stomach

A

inferior oesophageal sphincter: marks transition between oesophagus and stomach at T11, food passes from oesophagus through cardiac orifice into the body of the stomach
pyloric sphincter: lies between pylorus and the start of the duodenum and controls exit of chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

histology of the oesophagus

A

mucosa is comprised of 3 different layers
stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

A

mucous production
(for lubrication and neutralisation of acid)
protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lamina propria

A

absorption via capillaries and also contains MALT for immunological response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

muscularis mucosa

A

for localised movement using muscle contractions to move food down the oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

submucosa

A

has a large network of blood vessels to increase surface area for nutrient absorption
contains mucus glands for lubrication of bolus
contains Meissen nerve cells which control the effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

histology of the stomach

A

simple columnar epithelium
the mucosa and submucosal layer are folded in on themselves which allows them to unfold when the stomach expands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do gastric pits of the stomach contain

A

surface lining cells
regenerative cells
mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

regenerative cells

A

replace any of the other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

mucous neck cells

A

secret mucous and neutralise acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

parietal cells

A

release hydrochloride acid which is an intrinsic factor for protein digestion

23
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen and HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin (active form)

24
Q

parietal cells

A

secrets gastrin
stimulates parietal cells

25
what is GERD
gastro-oesophageal reflux disease when stomach acid flows back up the oesophagus, backwash is called acid reflux irritate lining of the oesophagus, damages the cells impaired lower oesophageal sphincter mechanism (may be due to intragastric pressure or delayed gastric emptying)
26
symptoms and presentation of GERD
heartburn (may present as a heart attack) sour taste in mouth upper GI pain cough hiccups halitosis bloating nausea/vomiting dysphagia odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
27
when may GERD symptoms be worse
when lying down bending over after eating
28
difference between dyspepsia and GORD
dyspepsia is a collection of symptoms of upper GI pain, heartburn, reflux, nausea and vomiting may lead to diagnosis of GERD
29
what is the drug often prescribed to manage GERD
lansoprazole
30
definition of Barrett's oesophagus
the replacement of normal stratified squamous epithelium with metaplastic, premalignant intestinal columnar epithelium in the distal oesophagus
31
definition of oesophageal cancer
a malignancy that develops in tissues of the hollow muscular canal along which food and liquid travel from the throat to the stomach
32
what is the difference between Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal cancer
Barrett's oesophagus has stratified squamous epithelium then in oesophageal cancer there is specialised intestinal metaplasia which is metaplastic intestinal columnar epithelium
33
2 main types of oesophageal cancer
adenocarcinoma squamous cell carcinoma
34
adenocarcinoma
begins in the glandular tissue in the lower part of the oesophagus
35
squamous cell carcinoma
starts in the squamous cells that line the oesophagus usually develop in the upper and middle part of the oesophagus
36
risk factors of GERD
overweight pregnancy smoking drugs hiatus hernia stress certain foods and drinks
37
overweight
increased pressure lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes acid travels up the oesophagus body is less efficient at emptying the stomach contents, increases acid secretion, gastroesophageal pressure gradient potential refluxate
38
pregnancy
increased weight and growth of the foetus increases the pressure on the stomach, acid travels up the oesophagus hormones such as plasma progesterone weakens the lower oesophagus and stomach acid pushes through easily
39
smoking
nicotine relaxes the smooth muscle and lower oesophageal sphincter, acid and stomach contents travel up the oesophagus redues salvation, saliva contains acid-neutralising bicarbonate, less acid neutralisation increases acid secretion from the stomach
40
drugs
mucosal damage, relaxes the LES due to the pressure reduction/oesophageal inflammation/delay gastric emptying non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, inhibit Cyclooxygenase enzymes, increase acid secretion
41
short term implications of GERD
heartburn dry cough difficulty swallowing asthma like symptoms sore throat bad breath nausea
42
long term implications of GERD
esophagitis: inflammation of oesophagus oesophageal ulcers oesophageal bleeding oesophageal stricture Barrett's oesophagus oesophageal cancer
43
age as a risk factor for GERD
increases with age peaking at age 75-79 for both sexes large 95% confidence interval for both sexes
44
methods used in GERD diagnosis
endoscopy barium swallow pH monitoring nonmetry
45
endoscopy
camera down oesophagus to the stomach
46
barium swallow
chalky drink followed with an x-ray to look at the shape and size of the pharynx and oesophagus monitors how you swallow
47
pH monitoring
for acid levels 24 hour long helps to determine how well the oesophageal sphincter is working to prevent acid reflux
48
manometry
shows how well the oesophagus is able to move food down the oesophagus by measuring the changes in pressure
49
management of GERD
maintain healthy weight stop smoking eat smaller and more frequent meals avoid food and drink avoid fatty food don't wear tight clothing raise head of the bed by up to 20cm try to relax to reduce stress
50
examples of short term GERD management
antacids and alginates
51
antacids
drugs that neutralise the hydrochloric acid in your stomach calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide and/or sodium bicarbonate
52
alginate
derived from seaweed and form a physical protective barrier on top of the stomach
53
combo products
contain an antacid and a raft-forming alginate purchased over the counter Gaviscon, Rennie Duo
54
biomarkers associated with various stages of oesophageal adenocarcinoma
DNA content abnormalities and loss of heterozygosity DNA content abnormalities tumour suppressor loci p53 loss of heterozygosity p53 staining epigenetics p16 methylation proliferation cell cycle markers cyclin A cyclin D1

Medicine Unit 2 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions