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Medicine Unit 2 > Histology of the skin > Flashcards

Histology of the skin Flashcards

1
Q

what is the integumentary system and what does it consist of

A

largest organ of the body, 16% body weight
forms a physical barrier between internal and external environment
skin, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair and nails

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2
Q

functions of the integumentary system

A

prevention of loss of water
protection from environmental insults and bacteria
immune function, sensory function
regulation of body temperature
synthesis of vitamin D under the effects of sunlight

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3
Q

histological image of the skin

A

epidermis with keratin
dermis
dermal ridges that are interrogating with epidermal ridges
several blood vessels also present

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4
Q

label the layers top to bottom

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
dermis

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5
Q

label the histological layers

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
dermis

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6
Q

stratum basale

A

mitotic activity
cells are cuboidal/columnar
basophilic
cells move upwards

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7
Q

stratum spinosum

A

thickest layers
cells are polyhedral shaped
centrally located nucleus
langerhans cells present

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8
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers
shape of cells is flat
stain basophilic due to keratohyaline granules (have proteins material in them)these help with keratinisation

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9
Q

stratum lucidum

A

translucent
eosinophilic
ony present in thick skin

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10
Q

stratum corneum

A

horny layer
dead keratinocytes and anucleated (originated in the basale and migrated all the way up)
this Layer is replenished every few weeks

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11
Q

what do desmosomes do

A

bind the cells together

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12
Q

what are the different cells in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes
langerhans
melanocytes
merkel

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13
Q

label the cells in the epidermis

A

granules
keratinocytes
langerhans
melanocyte
merkel
tactile disc
sensory neutron

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14
Q

keratinocytes

A

originate in basale
move up spinosum
lose nucleus as they reach corneum

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15
Q

langerhans

A

in spinous
pale staining cells

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16
Q

melanocytes

A

pale staining
involved with formation of melanin/pigment in skin
provides protection against UV light/sun
come from neural crest cells

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17
Q

Merkel cells

A

mechanoreceptors
help with sensing light touch
from neural crest cells

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18
Q

vitiligo

A

autoimmune destruction of melanocytes
symmetrical depigmentation areas

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19
Q

albinism

A

no melanin

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20
Q

acanthosis

A

thickening of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis
typically seen in epidermal hyperplasia

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21
Q

hypergranulosis

A

thickening and prominence of the status granulosum of the epidermis
often in response to chronic mechanical irritation of the skin

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22
Q

hyperkeratosis

A

thickening of the stratum corneum of the epidermis
orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis refers to hyperkeratosis without the presence of nuclei

23
Q

parakeratosis

A

a form of hyperkeratosis in which nuclei are retained in the stratum corneum
seen in many conditions such as psoriasis

24
Q

ulceration

A

discontinuity of an epithelial surface including the epidermis or mucous membranes

25
Q

describe the image

A

seborrhoeic (fungal) dermatitis

thickened epidermis
disrupted by infiltration of lymphocytes associated with an accumulation of fluid between the keratinocytes
surface keratin layers still contain remnants of keratinocyte nuclei- parakeratosis
blood vessels in upper dermis are dilated and surrounded by lymphocytes and macrophages

26
Q

dermatitis

A

thickened epidermis
lymphocytic infiltrate
clear areas of fluid accumulation
parakeratosis
dilated blood vessels

27
Q

what is in this picture

A

Bowen’s disease
slow extending, lightly pigmented, scaly plaques
when biopsy: full-thickness dysplasia with prominent nuclear pleomorphism
histological: full thickness dysplasia with abnormal mitoses, lack of cellular maturation from top to bottom and pleomorphic keratinocytes, no dermis invasion as basement membrane intact, carcinoma in situ

28
Q

what is in the image

A

squamous cell carcinoma
identified by keratin pearls (concentric rings)

29
Q

layers of the dermis

A

papillary
reticular

30
Q

papillary

A

loose connective tissue
small blood vessels
nerves
lymphatics
sensory receptors
meissners corpuscles

31
Q

reticular

A

dense irregular connective tissue
larger nerves and blood vessels
glands
hair follicles
sensory receptors
pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini end organs

32
Q

contents of dermis

A

glands
capillaries
nerves
lymphatics
hair follicles

33
Q

connective tissue layers

A

lots of collagen and elastic fibres
give strength and resilience to skin
elastic fibres give elastic recoil
fibroblasts help with healing and regeneration

34
Q

three types of dermal gland

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

35
Q

meorcrine

A

sweat (eccrine) glands
predominant in most areas
thin secretion (exocytosis/secretory vesicle going out)
cell remains intact

36
Q

apocrine

A

puberty
only in the axillary and pubic areas
thick secretion (part of cell leaves with the secretory vesicle, thicker secretions)

37
Q

holocrine

A

sebaceous glands
the whole cell detached and goes out with the vesicle
sebum is thick

38
Q

label A,B and C

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

39
Q

label from purple on left

A

Ruffini ending
merkels disc
meissners corpuscle
Krause end bulb
nerve
pacinian corpuscle

40
Q

Ruffini

A

encapsulated
touch and pressure sneery receptor
sense twisting or stretch or distortion
located in the dermis

41
Q

pacinian

A

encapsulated
respond to vibration and pressure
present in dermis and hypodermis

42
Q

meissners

A

encapsulated
respond to light touch
located at the apex of dermal papilla

43
Q

Krause end bulbs

A

encapsulated
respond to low frequency vibration

44
Q

merkel

A

unencapsulated
light touch
mechanoreceptors
somatosensory

45
Q

which skin is pacinian found in compared to messiners

A

pancinian mainly in reticular layer of dermis and in both thick and thin skin
meissners mainly in thin skin

46
Q

what is in the image

A

meissners

47
Q

what is in the image

A

pacinian corpuscle

48
Q

what is in the image and describe

A

pilosebaceous unit
hair is a highly modified keratinised structure, grows in the hair follicle
rector pili muscle sits in the papillary layer of the dermis
sympathetic innervation can cause pilo-erection by cold or fear
each hair has 1+ holocrine gland to secrete sebum that acts as waterproofing and lubricating agent for hair and skin

49
Q

arector pili muscle

A

type of smooth muscle
involuntary
contraction makes the hair stand up

50
Q

what is in the image

A

SG=sebaceous gland
AP=arector pili
N=nuclei

51
Q

what does the image show

A

the build up of cutibacterium acnes

52
Q

primary source of vitamin D in humans

A

photo activation in the skin
of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol
then converted first in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D
and subsequently in the kidney to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

53
Q

4 stages of wound healing, brief

A
  1. blood clots at the site by releasing platelet-derived growth factors
  2. macrophages and neutrophils enter the wound as the inflammation begins, epithelial cells from cut edges of stratum basale migrate beneath and through the blood clot
  3. under growth factors and hydrolytic enzyme release from macrophages the fibroblasts proliferate and produce new collagen to form granulation tissue, contains growing capillaries
  4. epidermis re-establishes over the wound site, excessive collagen remains in the dermis as scar tissue

Medicine Unit 2 (28 decks)

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