Continued cell proliferation Flashcards

1
Q

cyclins

A

proteins control progression of cells through the cell cycle

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2
Q

cyclins in G1

A

cyclin D
bind to CDK4 and CDKGH

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3
Q

cyclins in late G1

A

cyclin E
bind to CDK2

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4
Q

cyclins in S phase

A

cyclin A
bind to CDK2

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5
Q

cyclins in G2

A

cyclin A
bind to CDK1

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6
Q

cyclins in M

A

cyclin B
bind to CDK1

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7
Q

what does CDK mean

A

cyclin dependent kinases
they phosphorylate serine and threonine residues on target proteins

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8
Q

members of cyclin D

A

D1-3

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9
Q

members of cyclin E

A

E1 and E2

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10
Q

members of cyclin A

A

A1 and A2

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11
Q

members of cyclin B

A

B1-3

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12
Q

what is occurring in the image

A

CDK is inactive
T loop obscures the active site
no ATP binding

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13
Q

what is occurring in the image

A

binding of cyclin changes the T loop conformation
partial CDK activation

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14
Q

what is occurring in this image

A

full CDK activation
by T loop phosphorylation by CDK activating kinase CAK
enables optimum ATP binding

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15
Q

how is active CDK inactivated

A

by Wee kinase
inhibitory phosphorylation

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16
Q

how is inhibitory phosphorylation on CDK reversed

A

by CDC25 family of phosphatases

17
Q

G1 to S transition mechanism

A

mitogen signalling activate Myc
Myc activates transcription of cyclin D
cyclin D binds and activates CDK4/6
CDK4/6 phosphorylates Rb which inactivates and causes it to release its inhibition on E2F1
E2F1 induces gene expression of cyclin E
cyclin E/CDK2 hyper phosphorylates Rb and completely inactivates it
E2F1 also induces expression of cyclin A required in S phase

18
Q

S phase

A

activation of helices by CDK2/cyclin A starts DNA replication
components of preRC are phosphorylated preventing them rebinding to DNA and relicensing the replication complex

19
Q

G2 phase

A

activating CDK1/cyclin B required for mitosis
1. CDK1/cyclin A activates CDC25 phosphatase, removes inhibitory phosphate on CDK1/cyclin B complex
2. Active CDK1/cyclin B: inactivates Wee1 via phosphorylation, activates CDC25 via phosphorylation (positive feedback)

20
Q

M phase

A

CDK1/cyclin B phosphorylates and activates condensin, compacts DNA by folding and coiling
CDK1/cyclin B phosphorylates proteins of the nuclear envelope so they disassemble
CDK1/cyclin B activates centrosomes, move apart and increase microtubule length

21
Q

what are the stimuli for cell cycle checkpoints (DNA damage)

A

microtubule spindle defects
unreplicated DNA
lack of growth factors
chromosomal deregulation
excessive mitogenic signalling

22
Q

CDK inhibitor proteins

A

bind cyclin and CDK, distort CDK active site
CKI’s insert into the ATP binding site, inhibits CDK enzymatic activity
2 main groups called INK4A family and CIP/WIP family

23
Q

members of INK4A family

A

p16^INK4A
p14^ARF

24
Q

members of CIP/WIP family

A

p27^KIP1
p21^CIP1

25
proto-oncogenes
pro cell division cyclins CDKs E2F1 CDC25 deregulation leads to oncogenes leads to cancer
26
tumour suppressor genes
anti cell division p16^INK4A p14^ARF p27^KIP1 p21^CIP1 Rb Wee1 deregulation leads to cancer
27
key activators of cell cycle checkpoints
ataxia telangiectasia mutated ATM, double strand break ATM related ATR, single strand break
28
ATR process
phosphorylates CHK1 on serine 345 (p-S345) CHK1 then undergoes auto-phosphorylation on serine 296 (p-S296) CHK1 is an opposing regulator of Wee1 and CDC25A