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Human Biology > Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance > Flashcards

Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chromatin

A

A collection of DNA and protein

The primary function is to package long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures.

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that assist in the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next

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3
Q

Sister Chromatid

A
  • The two identical parts that compose a chromosome

- The first and second copy of a chromosome

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4
Q

Centromere

A

Holds the chromatids together until a specific phase in mitosis when it then splits

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5
Q

Duplicated Chromosome

A

A copied chromosome

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6
Q

Unduplicated chromosomes

A

Unduplicated chromosomes are single linear strands, whereas duplicated chromosomes contain two identical copies (called chromatids or sister chromatids) joined by a centromere.

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7
Q

Homologous chromosome

A
  • Members of a pair of chromosomes

- They look alike and carry genes for the same traits

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8
Q

Diploid

A
  • 2(n)

- 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

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9
Q

Haploid

A
  • 1(n)
  • # of chromosomes
  • Cell/nucleus that contains a single set of unpaired chromosome
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10
Q

Gene vs Allele

A

Gene is what it codes for

Allele is the specific variety

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11
Q

of chromosomes in a human cell

A

46

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12
Q

of chromosomes in a gamete

A

-23

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13
Q

Autosomes

A
  • Chromosomes other than sex chromsomes

- 44

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14
Q

Sex chromosomes

A
  • The chromosomes that determine our gender

- We have 2

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15
Q

Interphase

A
  • The time when organelles in the cell go perform their normal functions (and eventually gets ready to divide)
  • Divided into 3 main phases (G1, [doubles organelles and accumulates materials needed for DNA sythesis] S, [A copy is made of all the DNA in the cell. DNA replication occurs] and G2 [The cell makes the proteins needed for cell division])
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16
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Type of nuclear division
  • 2 stages (prophase [centromeres outside the nucleus have duplicated and begin to move away from each other, The nuclear envelope begins to fragment, Nucleus disapears], metaphase [spindle is fully form, chromosomes attached to the spindle fibers line up at the metaphase plate during metaphase], anaphase [chromosomes move towards opposite poles of the spindle to ensure that each cell receives a copy of each type of chromosome and thereby has a full complement of genes], telophase [chromosomes arrive at poles, spindle disappears, nuclear envelope components reassemble in each cell)
  • Somatic cells, adult stem cells, and the cells in the embryo undergo mitosis
  • New cells are daughter cells
17
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Gametes undergo meiosis
  • 4 daughter cells as end result
  • 2 consecutive cell divisions
  • There are six phases in meiosis 1
  • There are 3 phases in meiosis 2

Phases of Meiosis 1
Prophase 1- Homologous chromosomes pair during synapse allowing for crossing over to occur
Metaphase 1- Independent assortment occurs as homologous chromosomes pair along the metaphase plate
Anaphase 1- Homologous chromosomes separate, pulled to opposite poles by centromeric spindle fibers
Telophase 1- Daughter cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair
Interkinesis- Chromosomes still consist of two chromatids

Phases of Meiosis 2
Prophase 2- Cells hav eone chromosome from each homologus pair
Metaphase 2- Chromosomes align at tge metaphase plate
Anaphase 2- Daughter chromosomes move toward the poles
Telophase 2- Spindle disappearsm nuclei form and cytokinesis takes place

In the end you are left with daughter cells

18
Q

Why are haploid (versus diploid) cells produced during meiosis?

A

Haploid cells are produced during meiosis (vs diploid) because the zygote formed by two gametes ideally has the same amount of chromosomes as their parents. This is necessary for fertilization.

19
Q

Differences of mitosis and meiosis

A 
Meiosis= reduction division
Mitosis= duplication division
20
Q

Crossing over

A
  • Advantage is that no two gametes are alike (if they were then there would be very little variation in the world)
  • Occurs after Independent assortment
  • Homologous chromosomes find each other and swap genetic material
21
Q

Independent assortment

A
  • Independent division of chromosomes resulting in gametes

- Random

22
Q

Karayotype

A
  • A computer arrangement of the chromosomes in pairs
23
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Having either not enough or too many chromosomes

24
Q

Nondisjunction

A
  • An abnormal separation of chromosomes

- Can happen during miosis 1 or miosis 2

25
Q

Trisomy

A
  • The result of when an egg with 24 chromosomes is fertilized with a normal sperm
  • Down syndrome
26
Q

Monosomy

A
  • The result of when an egg with 22 chromosomes is fertilized with normal sperm, the result is called monosomy, because one type of chromosome is presented in a single copy (2n-1)
27
Q

What are the four types of changes in chromosomes that can occur?

A
  • Deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation
28
Q

Poly-genetic inheritance

A
  • multiple genes involved
  • possibly multiple chromosomes involved
  • effects are additive
  • results in continuous variation
29
Q

Autosomal Dominant Genes

A

The genes for autosomal dominant genes are found on one of the 22 autosomes in the cell. The genes are considered dominant because only one copy of the gene needs to be
inherited in order to express the dominant trait.

30
Q

Autosomal recessive genes

A

found on one of the 22 autosomes. The genes are considered recessive because two
copies of the gene must be inherited in order to express the recessive trait.

31
Q

X linked recessive

A

X-linked
recessive genes are found on the X chromosome. In females, both copies of the recessive gene
need to be inherited in order for her to express the recessive trait. Since males only have one X
to begin with, they only need to inherit one copy of the recessive gene in order to express the
recessive trait.

32
Q

Autosomal Dominant Pedigrees

A
  • can’t skip generations
  • unshaded individuals are homozygous recessive
  • shaded individuals are heterozygous or
33
Q

X linked recessive petigrees

A
  • Can (but don’t have to) skip generations
  • Males only need one copy of a gene to show me
  • If a female has it, all of her sons will have it
  • In order for a female to get it, her father must have it.
34
Q

How to tell whether a pedigree is sex linked:

A
  • in X-linked recessive traits, males are much more commonly affected than females.
  • In autosomal traits, both males and females are equally likely to be affected (usually in equal proportions).

Human Biology (15 decks)

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