Biology Overview Flashcards
Functions of the skeletal systems:
- produces blood
- provides protection to internal organs
- serve as a reservoir for calcium
- provides strength
Zygomatic bone
- cheek bone
Maxilla
- upper jaw
Mandible
- lower jaw
Tendon
- fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle ot bone
ligament
- fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones
Trapezius
- named for it’s shape
- raises scapula, as when strugging shoulders, pulls backwards
Lattimus Dorsi
brings amdown and backward behind body
Tricepts
a large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates. It consists of 3 parts: the medial, lateral, and long head. It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint
Glutemus maximus
control flexion of the trunk on the stance-side and to decelerate the swing leg
Hamstrings
You have three hamstring muscles at the back of your thigh
Deltoid
a thick, triangular shoulder muscle
Plantar Reflex
- Babinski negative is when the toes been forward at stimulous
- Babiski positive is when the toes been forward at stimulous
- adults have a negative reactions, and babies have positive reactions because the fibers in their spinal cord and cerebral cortex are not completely covered in mylin
Sensory Adaptation
- When your senses are adapted to a stimulus
DNA
- double stranded
- deoxyribose sugar
- Structure: Each strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups. Attached to each sugar is one of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) or thymine (T).
RNA
- genetica material of some viruses
- bases are A, U, G and C
- It has ribse as sugar
- There are 3 types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
mRNA
- carries info to make protiens
tRNA
transfers amino acids
rRNA
Assembles amino acids
Purines
- Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimadines
- Cytosine
- Tymine
- Uracil
Transcripticon
- DNA to RNA
RNA to Protien
Translation
Central Dogma
DNA to RNA to Protien
Retroviruses
- go from RNA to DNA
Female Sex Chromosomes
- XX
Male Sex Chromosomes
- XY
How many chromosomes does a kid recieve from each parent?
- 1
Nondisjunction of spermatogensis can cause gametes that have:
- no sex chromosomes
- an x and a y chromosome
- 2 x chromosomes
- two y chromosomes
Non-disjunction of oogenesis can cuase gametes that have
- two x chromosomes
- no x chromosomes
X-linked Recessive disordeders
- tend to skip a generation
- usually only males in the family are affected
Autosomal dominant disorders
- people with autosomal dominant disorders always have at least one affected parent
Autosomal Recessive disorder
- can be seen in the children of healthy parents
Dominant and Recessive
- The pressence of many affected individuals in a family does not always mean that the trait is dominant
- It is uncommon, but a recessive trait may still show up in all generations of a pedigree
- You may not always be able to determine the genotype of an individual based ona pedigree
- Although rare, females can get X-linked recessive diseases
Homology
The study of different species that show close recelbance in their anatomy
Taxonomy
A branch of biology in which various organisms showing resenblances have been classified
Vesitgal Organs
Homolougous structures
they have the same morhphology and likely devloeped froma common ancestor
ex: the wingo of a hummingbird and the wing of an ostrch share similar, shape and origin in a common ancestor
Analagous structures
- they have different morhology but similar function and likely developed independently of one anorther
Most compelling evidence in support of evlution
- the simularity of Dna across all orgamnsims
The most significant trend in the evolution of movdern of man
- increase in cranial size
- closest relative to man: chimp
prebyopia-
as we age, our lens loses its elasticity, and we slowly lose our ability to accommodate
myopia
near sighted
- hyperopia-
- far sighted (generally happens with age)
- astigmatism
nonsmooth cornea
