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Human Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Stages of chemical and Biological Evolution

A

Stage 1:

a. Early Earth
b. Inorganic molecules
c. Small organic molecules

Stage 2: Macro-molecules

Stage 3: Protocells (not able to divide)

Stage 4: Living Cells (able to divide)

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2
Q

Small Organic Molecules

A

Story of creation: There was a lot of energy present, causing the gasses to react to create the small organic molecules.

Function: These small organic molecules joined together to form macro molecules

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3
Q

RNA First hypothesis vs Protein First hypothesis

A

Both try to deepen the understanding of the formation of DNA.

RNA first hypothesis hypothesizes that RNA came before proteins.

The Protein first hypothesis hypothesizes that protein came before RNA.

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4
Q

Protocells

A
  • Metabolic but can´t divide
  • Heterotrophic (use other small molecules as food source)
  • Hypothesized that lipids combined (when in a solvute solution) to create protocells
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5
Q

Baby Earth´s Atmosphere

A
  • atmosphere was present, and composed mostly of gasses (including nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and water vapor)
  • no oxygen at this time
  • high in temperature. cooling of the atmosphere caused water to go from gas to liquid (rain fell, and so began the formation of the oceans, other bodies of water)
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6
Q

Lipids

A
  • When lipids form (they do so through solutes) they create plasma membranes
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7
Q

Living Cells

A
  • Are able to divide
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8
Q

Two Important aspects of biological evolution

A
  • Common Ancestor

- Adaptation to the enviornment

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9
Q

Mechanism of Biological Evolution

A
  • Natural selection
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10
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Decent with modification
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11
Q

Lamark

A

Hypothesized that characteristics are acquired over time (is wrong because acquired characteristics are not passed on)

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12
Q

Darwin

A
  • Hypothesized that desired characteristics are selected for
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13
Q

Critical Elements of Natural Selection

A
  • Variation
  • Competition for limited resources (the ability for a species to expand is infinite but the resources that the species needs to flourish is limited)
  • Adaptation
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14
Q

Evidence of Evolution: Fossils

A
  • Fossils (hard tissues mineralize in sediment. Sedimentation creates layers/strata which helps with dating). Fossil Records tell us that simple organisms came before complex organisms
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15
Q

Evidence of Evolution: Biogeographical

A
  • Distribution of plants and animals

- Evolution before migration

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16
Q

Evidence of Evolution

A
  • Fossils
  • Biogeographical
  • Anatomical
  • Embryology
  • Biochemical
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17
Q

Evidence of Evolution (Anatomical)

A
  • Common descent explains anatomical similarities
  • Homologous structures (parts that share ancestors but serve different functions) are anatomically similar
  • Analogous structures: (have the same structure but different ancestors)
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18
Q

Evidence of Evolution (Embryology)

A
  • Closely related organisms have similar embryos
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19
Q

Evidence of Evolution (Biochemical)

A

Universality of:

  • Genetic code
  • DNA
  • ATP
  • Enzymes

3 domains of life

  • Bacteria (single-celled prokaryotic cells)
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
20
Q

Classification of humans

A

Humans are primates

21
Q

Characteristics of Primates

A

Adapted to living in trees, mobile forelimbs/hind limbs, grasping hands, flattened face, binocular vision, large complex brains, reduced reproductive rate

22
Q

Humans vs Chimps (closest living relative)

A

Human:

  • spine exits from centre of the skull, because we are upright beings
  • spine is more S shaped
  • pelvis is bowl shaped
  • arched foot
  • knee is more supportive

Chimps:

  • spine exists at the rear of the skull
  • spine is C shaped
  • pelvis is narrow
  • flat foot
23
Q

Hominid

A
  • Apes that are still living (gorilla, orangutan, chimps, and humans) and extinct Relatives
    def: – the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes
24
Q

Hominine

A
  • includes gorillas, chimps, and humans

def: of, relating to or characteristic of humans

25
Q

Hominin

A
  • Members are homogenus
26
Q

Determinations of early humans of the human line

A
  • bipedalism
  • flatter face
  • dull canines
  • Brain size
27
Q

Sahelanthropus

A
  • very early hominds
  • not sure if they were bipedal
  • thick tooth enamel
  • discovered in africa
  • small brain size
  • small canines
28
Q

Orrorin

A
  • limbs that suggest bipedalism
  • large pointed canines
  • very early homind
  • discovered in africa
  • fingers that are good for tree climbing
29
Q

Ardipithecens

A

Two different species that have yet been discovered (A. kadabba and A. ramidus)

  • small canines
  • small head
  • discovered in Africa
  • very early hominid
  • ape-like muzzle
  • heavy eyebrow ridges
  • opposoble big toes
  • legs suggest bipedalism, toes suggest living in trees
30
Q

Australopithecines

A
  • early hominids
  • species that gives rise to the homogenus
  • What Lucy was
  • Thought to be bipedal
31
Q

Members of the Homo Genus are determined by:

A
  • Brain size > 600 cc
  • Jaw and teeth like those of humans
  • Evidence of tool use
32
Q

Homo Habilis

A
  • early homo species (hominins)
  • small teeth
  • omnivore diet
  • Tools (H. habillis= “handyman”)
  • discovered in africa
33
Q

Homo ergaster

A
  • larger brain
  • flatter face
  • fire
  • tools
  • africa
34
Q

Homo erectus

A
  • Aisa

- Possibly originated in Africa; migrated to Asia and Europe

35
Q

H. neandertalensis

A
  • Europe
  • Large brow ridges
  • Protruding jaw, teeth, nose,
  • Long pubic bone
  • Larger brain
  • Larger muscles
  • Fire and tools
  • Burial of the dead
36
Q

Cro Magnon

A
  • Earliest modern Homo sapiens: Cro- Magnon
  • Migration to Asia and Europe from Africa
  • Modern appearence
  • Advanced tools
  • Culture
  • Language
  • Art
37
Q

Out of Africa Hyphothesis

A
  • Humans originated in Africa, and migrated later
38
Q

Human Variation in Ethnicities

A
  • Adaptations to the local enviornment
  • Some variation have no known benefit to local enviornment (ex. hair texture, upper eyelid folds, lip shape)
  • More genetic vation within ethicities than between
39
Q

Evolution of Hominins Time line

A

Ordered from when they started

~7-6MYA Salanthropus tchandensis 
~5.5- 4.5MYA Ardipithecus ramindus 
~4-3 MYA Australopitecus afarensis 
~3-2 MYA Australopitecus africanrus 
~2.25-1.5 MYA Paranthropus boisei
~2-1.5 MYA Australopitecus sediba
~ 2-1.5 MYA Paranthropus robustus
40
Q

Order of Evolution of Different Organisms

A
  1. Prokaryotic cells
    2a. Protist (single-celled organisms)
  2. Eukaryotic cells
41
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Lack a nucleus

42
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • First Eukaryotic cells were single-cell protists, which gave rise to multicellularity and other kingdoms (fungi, plants, and animals)
43
Q

Three characteristics that determine if a fossil is a hominin

A
  • Brain size
  • Bipedalism
  • Flat face
44
Q

On what continent are all early hominids found?

A

Africa

45
Q

Out of Africa hypothesis

A

Hypothesizes that the humans originated in Africa and later spread across the world.

46
Q

Human variation in ethnicities

A
  • Humans ethnicities among population comes from adaptations from the enviornment
  • ## More variety within a race than between

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