Patricia Benner

Question 1

Proposes that expert nurses develop skills and understanding of patient care over time through a proper educational background as well as a multitude of experiences

Answer 1

Novice to Expert Nursing Theory

Question 2

nursing student in his/her first year of clinical education; has very limited ability and is inflexible and follows a “to do” list

Answer 2

Stage 1: Novice

Question 3

newly graduates in their first jobs; has had more experiences and has the knowledge and the know-how but not enough in-depth experience

Answer 3

Stage 2: Advanced Beginners

Question 4

nurse lacks the speed and flexibility of proficient nurses but has some mastery and can rely on planning and organizational skills; can recognize patterns and nature of clinical situations more quickly and accurately than advanced beginners

Answer 4

Stage 3: Competent

Question 5

the nurse is capable of seeing situations as “wholes” rather than parts and able, knowing what events typically occur, and modifying plans in response to different events

Answer 5

Stage 4: Proficient

Question 6

the nurse is able to recognize demands and resources in situations and attain his/her goals; no longer relies on rules to guide their actions under certain situation and has an intuitive grasp of the situation based on their knowledge and experience

Answer 6

Stage 5: Expert

Question 7

Founder of Novice to Expert Nursing Theory

Answer 7

Patricia Benner