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year 1 > Patology > Flashcards

Patology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found

A

Auditory canals

Epiglottis

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2
Q

Where is fibro cartilage found?

A

Invertebral disc
Secondary cartilage joints

(Cartillage cells still lie in matrix)

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3
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found

A

Lines all articular surfaces of synovial joints

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4
Q

Prosent of lipids in the human body?

A

25

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5
Q

What is triglycerid used for and where is it storaged?

A

Energy storage by adipose celles.

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6
Q

What is the other name for omega-3?

A

Alfa-lineolic acid

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7
Q

Normal lipid level in the body? And if high - treated with?

A

<5,2 mmol/L.

Statines, that block a lipolytic enzyme.

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8
Q

Name the three monocarbs

A

Glu, fru, gal

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9
Q

Fasting glucose levels

A

3,5-5,5 mmol/L

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10
Q

Proteins make up how many prosent of the human body?

A

18%

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11
Q

Name four types of proteingroups

A

Structural, hormonal, immunological and catalytical.

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12
Q

What has happened with the RBC in Sickle-cell anemia?

A

Valine exchanged with gutate in just two locations in the haemoglobin.

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13
Q

What is the most important blood protein? And what is used for transferring Hb?

A

Albumin and transferrin.

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14
Q

Name the digestive enzymes

A

Amylase, protease, lipase

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15
Q

Name the prosentage of blood compounds

A

55% plasma, 45% RBC, 1% white and platelets.

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16
Q

Name two reasons for microcytosis

A

Low prod of HgB, low RBC, absent Hb

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17
Q

Name reason for macrocytosis

A

Folic acid vit. b12 deficiency

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18
Q

Make up 60-70% of WBC and are the first responce to infection.

A

Neutrophils (three lumps in the core)

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19
Q

3-6 % of WBC and has a bean shaped nucleus.

A

Monocytes. Become macrophages in tissue.

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20
Q

Allergy WBC make up 1%. Which one has a pink coloured nucleus?

A

Eosinophils

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21
Q

Explain the life of a RBC

A

Erytropogenesis in bone marrow, in blood for 120 days before destroyed by makrophages in spleen/liver. Hgb removed by transferrin.

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22
Q

Herpes virus categories

A

Alfa: simplex, varicella zoster
Beta: cytomegalo
Y: epstein barr

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23
Q

RNA of herpes viruses

A

Morbili, rubella, influenzae

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24
Q

Pathogenes common in LRT

A

Streptococcus pyrogens that can cause reumatic fever

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25
Q

In ear infections

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae

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26
Q

Cold pathogenes

A

Rhino, corona and adena

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27
Q

Cause of bacterial pneumoniae

A

Staphylococcus aureus or strep pneumoniae

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28
Q

Cause of meningitis

A

Pneumoniae, meningitis, influenzae, cytomegalo, herpes

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29
Q

Name two types of gram positive rods (anaerobic)

A

Clostridium botolinum and perfringes

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30
Q

Prions cause

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and then Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

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31
Q

Cause of gastroenteritis

A

Staph, clostridium per and diff, e.coli, salmonella, campylobacter

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32
Q

Cause of viral enteritis

A

Norovirus or hep A

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33
Q

Gastric ulcer

A

H. Pylori secretes urease that makes amonia and destroies the mucus-secreting cells.

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34
Q

Disease in genitalia

A

Cystis -> E.Coli
Urethritis -> Gonorrhoea and trachomatis
Candida albicans
Herpes 2, Hep B

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35
Q

What is the common condition caused by streptococcus pyogenes?
(Group A, betahemolytic)

A

Strep troat or pharyngitis, or impetigo.

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36
Q

Why is staphylococcus aureus a problem in hospitals?

A

Can grow without oxygen and spread very easily. Member of normal flora.

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37
Q

What serious condition does neisseria menigiditis cause and name another that also causes it.

A

Menigitis.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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38
Q

What condition does haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

Otitis media, conjuctivitis, pneumonia or sinusitis.

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39
Q

Clostridium botulinum is an oblique anaerobe. Means?

A

Oxygen us poisonous to the cell.

40
Q

What are symtomps of an infection with campylobacter species?

A

Malaise, fever, abdominal cramps, nausea.

41
Q

Epithelium in air sacs of lungs, blood and lymphatic vessels

A

Simple squamous epithelium

41
Q

Epithelium in ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

41
Q

In bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus

A

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

41
Q

Find smooth simple columnar epithelium in?

A

Digestive tract and bladder, absorbs and secretes mucus and enzymes

41
Q

Type of epithelium in trachea and rest of upper respiratory tract. Secretes mucus.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

41
Q

Lines the esophagus, mouth and vagina and protects against abrasion

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

41
Q

Epithelium in sweat glands, salivary glands and mammary glands

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

41
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium is found in

A

The male urethra and ducts of some glands

41
Q

Transitional epithelium lines what?

A

Bladder, urethra and uteres. Needed to allow organs to expand and stretch.

42
Q

Haemophilus influenzae is a? And usually cause?

A

Gram negative.

Otitis media, pneumonia, meningtitis.

43
Q

What type of epithelium is in the skin?

A

Keritinised stratified squamous epithelium with a cuboidal basallayer.

44
Q

Type of gland in the scalp

A

Sebacious glands producing sebum. With hair follicles.

45
Q

Glands present in the large intestine

A

Intestinal glands. Simple tubular.

46
Q

Goblet cells are what type of epithelium and what is their function?

A

Simple columnar epithelium. They secret mucus and is present in the GI-tract and respiratory.

47
Q

What type of gland in plantar skin?

A

Sweat glands

48
Q

Connective tissue is made up of?

A

Specialised cells, fibrous substances and ground substance.

49
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Adipose, reticular, cartilage, bone and blood & lymph.

50
Q

They contain lysosomes and are involved in removal of cell debris and ingestion of foregn substances

A

Macrophages

51
Q

They contain granules and participate in allergic reactions and act against microbial infections

A

Mast cells

52
Q

What is the role of fibroblasts?

A

They make collagen and elastic.

53
Q

Name the respiratory systems ‘vessels’ from largest to smallest

A

Trachea - bronchi- terminale bronchus - respiratory bronchus - alveoli

54
Q

State differeneces between colon and small intestine

A

Colon has more mucus producing cells, longitudinal muscle and lymphoid tissue.

55
Q

Another word for microvilli

A

Brush border

56
Q

Example of lipids and functions

A

Triaglyserides in adipose cells as energy

Steroid hormones used as chemical messaging

57
Q

Give two examples of polyunsaturated fat

A

Omega-3 and omega-6 (lineolic acid).

Essential fatty acids and found in salmon, halibut, tuna, nuts and seeds.

58
Q

Explain the compound triglycerid

A

Three carbon glycerol molecules and three fatty acids

59
Q

Explain the compound phospholipids

A

One phosphate group, two fatty acids and a glycerol group.

60
Q

What are lipoproteins? And give examples.

A

Compound in blood and allows fat to be carried in blood, removes fatty acids taken up by adipocytes.

HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons.

61
Q

What is the difference between HDL, VLDL and LDL?

A

VLDL is formed in hepatocytes and transport troglycerides from liver to storage

LDL distributes 75% of total cholesterol around the body while HDL removes and deliver to liver for elimination.

62
Q

Example of steroids (fat)

A

Chylomicrones, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones and cholesterole.

63
Q

Explain fat absorbtion in the small intestine

A

Fat droplet gets covered with bile salts, becomes micelles that enter the epithelium and then lacteal. Carried by lymph system.

64
Q

Composition of blood

A

45% RBC, 55% plasma and 1% WBC

65
Q

What could be the reason for microcytotic anemia?

A

Low production of haemoglobin, low RBC count or abnormal HgB.

66
Q

Reasons for macrocytotic anemia

A

Too little folic acid or B12 deficiency

67
Q

What is thrombocytes primary job?

A

Help prevent blood loss by forming clot by releasing granules with clotting factors.

68
Q

Explain the types of blood group and giving blood

A

Depends on which antibody present on surface so if type AB you have no surface proteins so you can recieve from everyone, but if you are type O you cant recieve from anyone else.

69
Q

Give three examples of polysaccarides

A

Glycogen, starch, cellulose

70
Q

Explain metabolism of proteins

A

Broken down to amonoacids, deamination where removal of amine group and conversion of amminia to ammonium. Then hepatocytes convert it to urea.

71
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and a phosphate group.

72
Q

Name a satellite virus and its effect

A

Relies on a helpervirus to replicate within the host. Example is Hep D.

73
Q

Name a mutual thing for the virulent microbes in GI-tract

A

They are all anaerobic and either spore forming or enterotoxin forming.

E.Coli, clostridium perfringes, staphylococcus

74
Q

Three most common microbes causing meningites. And name important start.

A

S. Pneumonia, N. Meningitis, H. Influenza

Can start as sinusitis.

75
Q

Herpes 3 and 4

A

Varicella Zoster and Epstein-Barr

76
Q

Name two of the lower respiratory tract diseases

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and S. Pneumonia

77
Q

State two of the diseases that can happen i nervous system

A

Meningitis or tetanus (lock jaw) by clostridium tetanus.

78
Q

What is flagellums function?

A

Increase the virulence factor of the bacteria

79
Q

What is the difference between endo and exotoxins?

A

Endotoksines stimulate makrophages to produce cytokines and TNF.

Exo can give local or distant damage.

80
Q

What is a capsomere?

A

A protective coat around nucleic acid in virus

81
Q

Name of virus, its shape and nucleic acid

A

Measles, SS-RNA, helical shape

82
Q

What is sub-acute- pan encephalitis and virus?

A

Fatal child encephalitis caused by measles

83
Q

Name a satellit virus and effect

A

Hep D. Depending on co-virus to replicate.

84
Q

Sign of tapeworm infection

A

Loss of apetite, malnutrition, nausea, diarrhoea

85
Q

How can you get infected by tapeworm?

A

Poor hygiene or eating poorly cooked infected meat

86
Q

State ten things about gonorrhoea

A 
Diplococcus, gram negative with pili
Depends on sexual metod and adhers to genital epithelium
15-35 years
Penis pus or vaginal discharge
Dysuria
Infertelity or abcess formation
Epididymitits
87
Q

What do you know about helmints

A

They are parasitic worms
- flat or roundworms

Survive because they manipulate immunosystem
Produce eggs with strong shell providing protection
Can cause weakness and disease in host

88
Q

What do you know about protozoa?

A

Single celled eucaryotes
Plasmodium falciparum causes malaria
Giardiasis is caused by a flagelled parasite formating in lumen by binary fission.

year 1 (10 decks)

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