Patology Flashcards
1
Q
Where is elastic cartilage found
A
Auditory canals
Epiglottis
2
Q
Where is fibro cartilage found?
A
Invertebral disc
Secondary cartilage joints
(Cartillage cells still lie in matrix)
3
Q
Where is hyaline cartilage found
A
Lines all articular surfaces of synovial joints
4
Q
Prosent of lipids in the human body?
A
25
5
Q
What is triglycerid used for and where is it storaged?
A
Energy storage by adipose celles.
6
Q
What is the other name for omega-3?
A
Alfa-lineolic acid
7
Q
Normal lipid level in the body? And if high - treated with?
A
<5,2 mmol/L.
Statines, that block a lipolytic enzyme.
8
Q
Name the three monocarbs
A
Glu, fru, gal
9
Q
Fasting glucose levels
A
3,5-5,5 mmol/L
10
Q
Proteins make up how many prosent of the human body?
A
18%
11
Q
Name four types of proteingroups
A
Structural, hormonal, immunological and catalytical.
12
Q
What has happened with the RBC in Sickle-cell anemia?
A
Valine exchanged with gutate in just two locations in the haemoglobin.
13
Q
What is the most important blood protein? And what is used for transferring Hb?
A
Albumin and transferrin.
14
Q
Name the digestive enzymes
A
Amylase, protease, lipase
15
Q
Name the prosentage of blood compounds
A
55% plasma, 45% RBC, 1% white and platelets.
16
Q
Name two reasons for microcytosis
A
Low prod of HgB, low RBC, absent Hb
17
Q
Name reason for macrocytosis
A
Folic acid vit. b12 deficiency
18
Q
Make up 60-70% of WBC and are the first responce to infection.
A
Neutrophils (three lumps in the core)
19
Q
3-6 % of WBC and has a bean shaped nucleus.
A
Monocytes. Become macrophages in tissue.
20
Q
Allergy WBC make up 1%. Which one has a pink coloured nucleus?
A
Eosinophils
21
Q
Explain the life of a RBC
A
Erytropogenesis in bone marrow, in blood for 120 days before destroyed by makrophages in spleen/liver. Hgb removed by transferrin.
22
Q
Herpes virus categories
A
Alfa: simplex, varicella zoster
Beta: cytomegalo
Y: epstein barr
23
Q
RNA of herpes viruses
A
Morbili, rubella, influenzae
24
Q
Pathogenes common in LRT
A
Streptococcus pyrogens that can cause reumatic fever
25
In ear infections
Streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae
26
Cold pathogenes
Rhino, corona and adena
27
Cause of bacterial pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus or strep pneumoniae
28
Cause of meningitis
Pneumoniae, meningitis, influenzae, cytomegalo, herpes
29
Name two types of gram positive rods (anaerobic)
Clostridium botolinum and perfringes
30
Prions cause
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and then Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
31
Cause of gastroenteritis
Staph, clostridium per and diff, e.coli, salmonella, campylobacter
32
Cause of viral enteritis
Norovirus or hep A
33
Gastric ulcer
H. Pylori secretes urease that makes amonia and destroies the mucus-secreting cells.
34
Disease in genitalia
Cystis -> E.Coli
Urethritis -> Gonorrhoea and trachomatis
Candida albicans
Herpes 2, Hep B
35
What is the common condition caused by streptococcus pyogenes?
(Group A, betahemolytic)
Strep troat or pharyngitis, or impetigo.
36
Why is staphylococcus aureus a problem in hospitals?
Can grow without oxygen and spread very easily. Member of normal flora.
37
What serious condition does neisseria menigiditis cause and name another that also causes it.
Menigitis.
| Streptococcus pneumoniae
38
What condition does haemophilus influenzae cause?
Otitis media, conjuctivitis, pneumonia or sinusitis.
39
Clostridium botulinum is an oblique anaerobe. Means?
Oxygen us poisonous to the cell.
40
What are symtomps of an infection with campylobacter species?
Malaise, fever, abdominal cramps, nausea.
41
Epithelium in air sacs of lungs, blood and lymphatic vessels
Simple squamous epithelium
41
Epithelium in ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules
Simple cuboidal epithelium
41
In bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
41
Find smooth simple columnar epithelium in?
Digestive tract and bladder, absorbs and secretes mucus and enzymes
41
Type of epithelium in trachea and rest of upper respiratory tract. Secretes mucus.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
41
Lines the esophagus, mouth and vagina and protects against abrasion
Stratified squamous epithelium
41
Epithelium in sweat glands, salivary glands and mammary glands
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
41
Stratified columnar epithelium is found in
The male urethra and ducts of some glands
41
Transitional epithelium lines what?
Bladder, urethra and uteres. Needed to allow organs to expand and stretch.
42
Haemophilus influenzae is a? And usually cause?
Gram negative.
| Otitis media, pneumonia, meningtitis.
43
What type of epithelium is in the skin?
Keritinised stratified squamous epithelium with a cuboidal basallayer.
44
Type of gland in the scalp
Sebacious glands producing sebum. With hair follicles.
45
Glands present in the large intestine
Intestinal glands. Simple tubular.
46
Goblet cells are what type of epithelium and what is their function?
Simple columnar epithelium. They secret mucus and is present in the GI-tract and respiratory.
47
What type of gland in plantar skin?
Sweat glands
48
Connective tissue is made up of?
Specialised cells, fibrous substances and ground substance.
49
Types of connective tissue
Adipose, reticular, cartilage, bone and blood & lymph.
50
They contain lysosomes and are involved in removal of cell debris and ingestion of foregn substances
Macrophages
51
They contain granules and participate in allergic reactions and act against microbial infections
Mast cells
52
What is the role of fibroblasts?
They make collagen and elastic.
53
Name the respiratory systems ‘vessels’ from largest to smallest
Trachea - bronchi- terminale bronchus - respiratory bronchus - alveoli
54
State differeneces between colon and small intestine
Colon has more mucus producing cells, longitudinal muscle and lymphoid tissue.
55
Another word for microvilli
Brush border
56
Example of lipids and functions
Triaglyserides in adipose cells as energy
Steroid hormones used as chemical messaging
57
Give two examples of polyunsaturated fat
Omega-3 and omega-6 (lineolic acid).
Essential fatty acids and found in salmon, halibut, tuna, nuts and seeds.
58
Explain the compound triglycerid
Three carbon glycerol molecules and three fatty acids
59
Explain the compound phospholipids
One phosphate group, two fatty acids and a glycerol group.
60
What are lipoproteins? And give examples.
Compound in blood and allows fat to be carried in blood, removes fatty acids taken up by adipocytes.
HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons.
61
What is the difference between HDL, VLDL and LDL?
VLDL is formed in hepatocytes and transport troglycerides from liver to storage
LDL distributes 75% of total cholesterol around the body while HDL removes and deliver to liver for elimination.
62
Example of steroids (fat)
Chylomicrones, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones and cholesterole.
63
Explain fat absorbtion in the small intestine
Fat droplet gets covered with bile salts, becomes micelles that enter the epithelium and then lacteal. Carried by lymph system.
64
Composition of blood
45% RBC, 55% plasma and 1% WBC
65
What could be the reason for microcytotic anemia?
Low production of haemoglobin, low RBC count or abnormal HgB.
66
Reasons for macrocytotic anemia
Too little folic acid or B12 deficiency
67
What is thrombocytes primary job?
Help prevent blood loss by forming clot by releasing granules with clotting factors.
68
Explain the types of blood group and giving blood
Depends on which antibody present on surface so if type AB you have no surface proteins so you can recieve from everyone, but if you are type O you cant recieve from anyone else.
69
Give three examples of polysaccarides
Glycogen, starch, cellulose
70
Explain metabolism of proteins
Broken down to amonoacids, deamination where removal of amine group and conversion of amminia to ammonium. Then hepatocytes convert it to urea.
71
What does a nucleotide consist of?
Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and a phosphate group.
72
Name a satellite virus and its effect
Relies on a helpervirus to replicate within the host. Example is Hep D.
73
Name a mutual thing for the virulent microbes in GI-tract
They are all anaerobic and either spore forming or enterotoxin forming.
E.Coli, clostridium perfringes, staphylococcus
74
Three most common microbes causing meningites. And name important start.
S. Pneumonia, N. Meningitis, H. Influenza
Can start as sinusitis.
75
Herpes 3 and 4
Varicella Zoster and Epstein-Barr
76
Name two of the lower respiratory tract diseases
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and S. Pneumonia
77
State two of the diseases that can happen i nervous system
Meningitis or tetanus (lock jaw) by clostridium tetanus.
78
What is flagellums function?
Increase the virulence factor of the bacteria
79
What is the difference between endo and exotoxins?
Endotoksines stimulate makrophages to produce cytokines and TNF.
Exo can give local or distant damage.
80
What is a capsomere?
A protective coat around nucleic acid in virus
81
Name of virus, its shape and nucleic acid
Measles, SS-RNA, helical shape
82
What is sub-acute- pan encephalitis and virus?
Fatal child encephalitis caused by measles
83
Name a satellit virus and effect
Hep D. Depending on co-virus to replicate.
84
Sign of tapeworm infection
Loss of apetite, malnutrition, nausea, diarrhoea
85
How can you get infected by tapeworm?
Poor hygiene or eating poorly cooked infected meat
86
State ten things about gonorrhoea
```
Diplococcus, gram negative with pili
Depends on sexual metod and adhers to genital epithelium
15-35 years
Penis pus or vaginal discharge
Dysuria
Infertelity or abcess formation
Epididymitits
```
87
What do you know about helmints
They are parasitic worms
- flat or roundworms
Survive because they manipulate immunosystem
Produce eggs with strong shell providing protection
Can cause weakness and disease in host
88
What do you know about protozoa?
Single celled eucaryotes
Plasmodium falciparum causes malaria
Giardiasis is caused by a flagelled parasite formating in lumen by binary fission.
