Clinical Physiology

Question 1

What does muscle fibre contain

Answer 1

Myofibrils and sarcomere units

Question 2

What does sarcomere units contain

Answer 2

Actin and myosin proteins which their repeated patterns produce striations.

Question 3

What are myosin heads?

Answer 3

Called cross bridges and contaib actinbinding and ATP- binding sites.

Question 4

What surrounds numerous bundles of fascicles?

Answer 4

Perimysium

Question 5

What do many fasicle bundles form

Answer 5

Muscle belly called epimysium which is the outermost layer

Question 6

The study of how living organism function

Answer 6

What is physiology

Question 7

Aspiring, by regulatory mechanisms, to keep the internal environment constant

Answer 7

Homeostasis

Question 8

Name important factors in homeostasis

Answer 8

Na, Ca, K, glucose, temp, HCO3, O2, CO2, PH

Question 9

What is feedback?

Answer 9

A system that adjusts activity by monitoring output

Question 10

Example of negative feedback

Answer 10

Blood glucose, bP, adaptation (increase in red blood cells)

Compensation

Question 11

How do positive feedback work

Answer 11

Respond to disturbance by changing variables away from setpoint. Increases when stimulated.

Question 12

Positive feedback: Virtuous or vicious cycle?

Answer 12

Vicious as it has no terminal step.

Question 13

Symptoma for cytokine storm

Answer 13

Fever, swelling, redness, extreme fatigue, nausea

Question 14

One of golgi’s is to

Answer 14

Enclose digestive enzymes into membranes to form lysosomes

Question 15

Which part of the nucleus contains DNA and makes ribosomes?

Answer 15

Nucleolus

Question 16

Has viscera as most if their effectors

Answer 16

ANS

Question 17

Skeletal muscles as effectors

Answer 17

Somatic nervous system

Question 18

Voluntarily control from cerebral cortex, brain stem and spinal chord

Answer 18

Somatic nervous system

Question 19

Involuntarily control from hypothalamus, limbic.

Answer 19

Autonomic nervous system

Question 20

Which neurons produce the lateral horns of the spinal chord

Answer 20

Sympathetic

Question 21

Which two types of receptors bind AcH

Answer 21

Nicotinic abd muscarinic (Cholinerge)

Question 22

Adrenergic neurons two types of receptors

Answer 22

Alpha and beta (inhibitory)

Question 23

Cluster of neuronal bodies located in the PNS

Answer 23

A ganglion

Question 24

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS

Answer 24

Nucleus

Question 25

Bundle of axons located in the PNS

Answer 25

Nerve

Question 26

Bundle of axons located in the CNS

Answer 26

Tract

Question 27

Name the three types of proprioceptive sensation

Answer 27

Muscle spindles Tendon organs Joint kinesthetic receptors

Question 28

Ruffini corpuscles in joints respond to

Answer 28

Pressure

Question 29

Pacinian corpuscles in joints respond to

Answer 29

Acceleration and deceleration

Question 30

Class of sensory fibres: - which groups are myelinated? - list serve

Answer 30

- 1-4 | - muscle, tendon, temp, pain/itch

Question 31

Sensory information travels along two main routes:

Answer 31

Posterior columnar tracts and spinothalamic tracts.

Question 32

Another word for spinothalamic is

Answer 32

Anterolateral | Itch, pain sensation, tickle

Question 33

Another word for posterior column is

Answer 33

Medial leminiscal | Proprioception, pressure, judge weight and shape

Question 34

Spinocerebellar tracts carries

Answer 34

Subconscious info about muscle and space

Question 35

Corticospinal (to limbs, direct) crosses

Answer 35

Decussation occurs in medulla or anterior tract (central)

Question 36

Important intracellular atom is

Answer 36

Potassium (K+)

Question 37

What type of ion channel is open during resting potential?

Answer 37

Potassium channels

Question 38

What maintaines the resing potential?

Answer 38

Active tp by Sodium potassiuma- ATPases

Question 39

An inflow of chlorine ions would lead to a

Answer 39

Hyperpolarisation, inside more negative and further away from actionpotential (-55mV)

Question 40

Amp (A) measures

Answer 40

Current

Question 41

Volt measures

Answer 41

The force that drives the current

Question 42

Ohm measures

Answer 42

Resistance to current

Question 43

What is the resting membrane potential dependent on?

Answer 43

Distribution og ions across the membrane

Question 44

What is special about myelinated fibres?

Answer 44

There is no hyperpolarisation occuring after action potential do no extended refractory period. Plus a lack of K+ channels which increases firing rate. Pump only works at the nodes of Ranvier.

Question 45

Gustation (taste) uses which signaling

Answer 45

G-coupled or membrane channels

Question 46

Olfaction uses which signaling

Answer 46

cAMP which leads to opening of kation channels

Question 47

The three layers of the eye

Answer 47

Sclera, choroid and retina

Question 48

Signalingpathway leading to vision

Answer 48

Light - eye - nerve fibres - ganglion - bipolar cells - synapsis - receptor - rods and cones - pigmented cells

Question 49

Photoception is

Answer 49

Converting light energy to electrical energy

Question 50

Photoception in the dark

Answer 50

Sodium in the cell leading to depolarisation

Question 51

Gutamate is

Answer 51

Excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 52

Inotropic receptors are, while metatropic are

Answer 52

Excitatory and leads to depolarisation, metatropic opposite

Question 53

What is the Nernst potential?

Answer 53

Equilibriun point reached by ions between the inside and outside of the cell.