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Specialised Anatomy > ✅Pathways, Subcortical Regions And Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

✅Pathways, Subcortical Regions And Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

A channel for sensory and motor pathways

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Spinal cord

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3
Q

How does the cerebellum connect to the brainstem?

A

Via 3 pathways

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4
Q

What does the connection of the cerebellum and the brainstem ensure?

A

Coordination of movement ( important for balance)

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5
Q

What does damage to the connection of cerebellum and brainstem affect?

A

Production of steady movement

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6
Q

What is the lambic system?

A

Structures within cerebrum involved in emotions, motivations, memory and adaptive functions

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7
Q

What is the lambic system made up of?

A

▹Cingulate gyrus
▹Hippocampus
▹Amygdala
▹ and more…

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8
Q

Where does the hippocampus lie?

A

Deep within temporal lobe

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9
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

Consolidates information from short and long term memory

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10
Q

Where is the amaygdala?

A

Attached on hippocampus

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11
Q

What does the amaygdala do?

A

Processes fearful emotions

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12
Q

Why do we need co-ordination of the various muscle groups on the cerebellum?

A

To produce a smooth flow of speech and swallowing

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13
Q

What does the cerebellum play an important role in?

A

Interpretation of sensory perception and motor output ( attention, language, music

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14
Q

What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?

A

Slurring of speech

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15
Q

What are the two projection tracts for cerebral connection?

A

Corticobulbar

Corticospinal

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16
Q

What is the main association tract for cerebral connection?

A

Accurate fasciculus

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17
Q

What is a tract?

A

A long axon

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18
Q

Where is the association tracts?

A

intrahemispheric (within and between lobes)

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19
Q

Where do the projection tracts connect?

A

Cortex to brainstem/ spinal cord

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20
Q

Where does the architect fasciculus flow through

A

Wernickes area and brocas area

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21
Q

What does the accurate fasciculus do?

A

Connects speech and language cortical areas in frontal, temporal & parietal lobes

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22
Q

What does bulbar mean?

A

Brainstem

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23
Q

Where do fibres originate in the corticobulbar/ nuclear tract?

A

In cortex ( cell bodies upper motor neurons)

24
Q

Where do the fibres end in the corticobulbar tract?

A

Brainstem

25
Q

What do fibres do in the corticobulbar tract?

A

Fibres for control of facial, jaw, tongue, velopharyngeal & laryngeal muscles connect with lower MOTOR Neurons

26
Q

What is effected in motor neuron disease?

A

Upper or lower

27
Q

What is Corticobulbar tract most important for

A

Larynx

28
Q

Where do fibres originate in corticospinal Tract?

A

Primary motor, promotors, supplementary motor cortex

29
Q

Where do the fibres end in the corticospinal tract?

A

Spinal cord

30
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

A group of nuclei ( cell bodies)

31
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Refine any information from the cortex

32
Q

What is the basal ganglia in control of?

A

Motor control
Motor learning
Behaviour/emotions

33
Q

What are the sections in the basal ganglia?

A

Striatum ( caudate + putamen)

Globus pallidus

34
Q

What are the input and output nuclei in the basal ganglia?

A 
Input = caudate, putamen
Output = globus pallidus
35
Q

What does the basal ganglia control?

A 
processes movement (muscles of face, larynx, tongue & pharynx)
▹Main site of dopamine release
36
Q

What happens if the basal ganglia is damaged?

A

Result ion involuntary movement
Parkinson’s
Lack of coordination

37
Q

What are the 4 sections of the thalamus?

A

▸Hypothalamus
▸Epithalamus
▸Prethalamus
▸Dorsal thalamus

38
Q

What does thalamus act as?

A

Relay station between subcortical areas and cortex

39
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Relays sensor information

Almost all sensory systems have thalamus nuclei

40
Q

What does the thalamus control?

A

▹Language Processing

▹Verbal short-term memory

41
Q

What can happen if the thalamus is damaged?

A

Deficits in memory, attention, reduced spontaneous speech

42
Q

What are the 3 stages of the neural pathway of speech?

A

Intention
Ideation
Perception

43
Q

What is controlled in wernickes area?

A

Linguistic-symbolic processing

Linguistic form

44
Q

What is controlled in brocas area?

A

Motor speech programming

45
Q

What is controlled by the motor cortex?

A

Execution

46
Q

What is the neural pathway of speech?

A 
▹Intention~ideation~perception
▹Linguistic-symbolic processing~linguistic form (Wernickes area)
▹Motor Speech programming (Brocas)
▹Co-ordination
▹Execution (Motor cortex)
47
Q

What are the cranial nerves for for speech and swallowing?

A

V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

48
Q

Cranial Nerve V: TRIGEMINAL controls what?

A

Sensory and motor nerves with 3 divisions

49
Q

What are the 3 sensory and motor nerve divisions from Cranial Nerve V: TRIGEMINAL

A
  1. OPTHALAMIC
  2. MAXILLARY
    both sensory: touch, pressure, pain from mid and upper face, maxillary teeth, sinuses .
  3. MANDIBULAR
    sensory: touch pressure and pain from lower teeth, skin of lower face, front 2/3s of tongue, pinna
    motor: innervates the jaw closing muscles (digrastic, palatal tensor, tensor tympani, mylohyoid)
50
Q

What are the sensory and motor breakdowns for Cranial Nerve VII: FACIAL?

A

sensory: touch, pressure, taste, pain from mid and
upper face, maxillary teeth, sinuses.

motor: innervates all muscles of facial expression, the stapedius. Produces saliva.

Orbicularis Oris, Mentalis, Levator Anguli oris etc.

51
Q

What does the sensory nerve do for Cranial Nerve VIII: AUDITORY-VESTIBULAR NERVE?

A

carries information from both cochlea and vestibular apparatus of inner ear to brainstem)

52
Q

What do the sensory and motor nerves for Cranial Nerve IX: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL do?

A

sensory: touch, pressure from posterior tongue, parts of pharynx, pinna and ear drum (inner surface)
motor: innervates stylopharyngeus (swallowing)

53
Q

What do the sensory and motor nerves for Cranial Nerve X: VAGUS do?

A

sensory: touch, pressure from larynx, pharynx.
motor: innervates pharyngeal constrictor, palatal levator, intrinsic muscles of the larynx, palatoglossus

54
Q

What do the motor nerves do for Cranial Nerve XI: SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE do?

A

motor: innervates sternocleidomastoid, & trapezius

55
Q

What do the motor nerves for Cranial Nerve XII: HYPOGLOSSAL do?

A

motor: innervates all intrinsic tongue muscles, and all (but one) extrinsic

Specialised Anatomy (14 decks)

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