✅Pathways, Subcortical Regions And Cranial Nerves Flashcards
What is the brainstem?
A channel for sensory and motor pathways
What are the divisions of the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Spinal cord
How does the cerebellum connect to the brainstem?
Via 3 pathways
What does the connection of the cerebellum and the brainstem ensure?
Coordination of movement ( important for balance)
What does damage to the connection of cerebellum and brainstem affect?
Production of steady movement
What is the lambic system?
Structures within cerebrum involved in emotions, motivations, memory and adaptive functions
What is the lambic system made up of?
▹Cingulate gyrus
▹Hippocampus
▹Amygdala
▹ and more…
Where does the hippocampus lie?
Deep within temporal lobe
What does the hippocampus do?
Consolidates information from short and long term memory
Where is the amaygdala?
Attached on hippocampus
What does the amaygdala do?
Processes fearful emotions
Why do we need co-ordination of the various muscle groups on the cerebellum?
To produce a smooth flow of speech and swallowing
What does the cerebellum play an important role in?
Interpretation of sensory perception and motor output ( attention, language, music
What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?
Slurring of speech
What are the two projection tracts for cerebral connection?
Corticobulbar
Corticospinal
What is the main association tract for cerebral connection?
Accurate fasciculus
What is a tract?
A long axon
Where is the association tracts?
intrahemispheric (within and between lobes)
Where do the projection tracts connect?
Cortex to brainstem/ spinal cord
Where does the architect fasciculus flow through
Wernickes area and brocas area
What does the accurate fasciculus do?
Connects speech and language cortical areas in frontal, temporal & parietal lobes
What does bulbar mean?
Brainstem
Where do fibres originate in the corticobulbar/ nuclear tract?
In cortex ( cell bodies upper motor neurons)
Where do the fibres end in the corticobulbar tract?
Brainstem
What do fibres do in the corticobulbar tract?
Fibres for control of facial, jaw, tongue, velopharyngeal & laryngeal muscles connect with lower MOTOR Neurons
What is effected in motor neuron disease?
Upper or lower
What is Corticobulbar tract most important for
Larynx
Where do fibres originate in corticospinal Tract?
Primary motor, promotors, supplementary motor cortex
Where do the fibres end in the corticospinal tract?
Spinal cord
What are the basal ganglia?
A group of nuclei ( cell bodies)
What does the basal ganglia do?
Refine any information from the cortex
What is the basal ganglia in control of?
Motor control
Motor learning
Behaviour/emotions
What are the sections in the basal ganglia?
Striatum ( caudate + putamen)
Globus pallidus
What are the input and output nuclei in the basal ganglia?
Input = caudate, putamen Output = globus pallidus
What does the basal ganglia control?
processes movement (muscles of face, larynx, tongue & pharynx) ▹Main site of dopamine release
What happens if the basal ganglia is damaged?
Result ion involuntary movement
Parkinson’s
Lack of coordination
What are the 4 sections of the thalamus?
▸Hypothalamus
▸Epithalamus
▸Prethalamus
▸Dorsal thalamus
What does thalamus act as?
Relay station between subcortical areas and cortex
What does the thalamus do?
Relays sensor information
Almost all sensory systems have thalamus nuclei
What does the thalamus control?
▹Language Processing
▹Verbal short-term memory
What can happen if the thalamus is damaged?
Deficits in memory, attention, reduced spontaneous speech
What are the 3 stages of the neural pathway of speech?
Intention
Ideation
Perception
What is controlled in wernickes area?
Linguistic-symbolic processing
Linguistic form
What is controlled in brocas area?
Motor speech programming
What is controlled by the motor cortex?
Execution
What is the neural pathway of speech?
▹Intention~ideation~perception ▹Linguistic-symbolic processing~linguistic form (Wernickes area) ▹Motor Speech programming (Brocas) ▹Co-ordination ▹Execution (Motor cortex)
What are the cranial nerves for for speech and swallowing?
V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
Cranial Nerve V: TRIGEMINAL controls what?
Sensory and motor nerves with 3 divisions
What are the 3 sensory and motor nerve divisions from Cranial Nerve V: TRIGEMINAL
- OPTHALAMIC
- MAXILLARY
both sensory: touch, pressure, pain from mid and upper face, maxillary teeth, sinuses . - MANDIBULAR
sensory: touch pressure and pain from lower teeth, skin of lower face, front 2/3s of tongue, pinna
motor: innervates the jaw closing muscles (digrastic, palatal tensor, tensor tympani, mylohyoid)
What are the sensory and motor breakdowns for Cranial Nerve VII: FACIAL?
sensory: touch, pressure, taste, pain from mid and
upper face, maxillary teeth, sinuses.
motor: innervates all muscles of facial expression, the stapedius. Produces saliva.
Orbicularis Oris, Mentalis, Levator Anguli oris etc.
What does the sensory nerve do for Cranial Nerve VIII: AUDITORY-VESTIBULAR NERVE?
carries information from both cochlea and vestibular apparatus of inner ear to brainstem)
What do the sensory and motor nerves for Cranial Nerve IX: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL do?
sensory: touch, pressure from posterior tongue, parts of pharynx, pinna and ear drum (inner surface)
motor: innervates stylopharyngeus (swallowing)
What do the sensory and motor nerves for Cranial Nerve X: VAGUS do?
sensory: touch, pressure from larynx, pharynx.
motor: innervates pharyngeal constrictor, palatal levator, intrinsic muscles of the larynx, palatoglossus
What do the motor nerves do for Cranial Nerve XI: SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE do?
motor: innervates sternocleidomastoid, & trapezius
What do the motor nerves for Cranial Nerve XII: HYPOGLOSSAL do?
motor: innervates all intrinsic tongue muscles, and all (but one) extrinsic
