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EMS VTCTA > Pathophysiology part 2 > Flashcards

Pathophysiology part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one minute

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2
Q

How long does a cardiac output cycle approximately last? (The amount of time it takes for blood to return to its starting position of the left ventricle)

A

1 minute

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2
Q

What is a normal cardiac output for an adult at rest?

A

5L per minute

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2
Q

What formula makes up cardiac output?

A

HR x SV
(Heart rate x Stroke volume)

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2
Q

Define heart rate?

A

The # of contractions of the heart usually measured per minute

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3
Q

What organ has automaticity?

A

The heart

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4
Q

Define automaticity?

A

The ability to generate its own impulse

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5
Q

What makes automaticity possible?

A

The conduction system of the SA node

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6
Q

What are the primary factors that can influence the rate of the heart?

A

Hormones and the autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

Summarize the influence the Autonomic nervous system has on the heart rate? Sympathetic.

A

An increase in the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in heart rate. A decrease in stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to an decrease in heart rate

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8
Q

Summarize the influence the Autonomic nervous system has on the heart rate? Parasympathetic.

A

An increase in the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system leads to a decrease in heart rate. A decrease in stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in heart rate

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9
Q

What is the cardiovascular control center made up of?

A

cardio-excitatory and cardioinhibitory

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10
Q

What determines stroke volume?

A

Pre-load, myocardial contractility, and after-load

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10
Q

What does the cardio-excitatory center do?

A

Increase the heart rate and increase the force of myocardial contractions by increasing the sympathetic nervous system and decreasing the parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

What does the cardio-inhibitory center do?

A

Decrease the heart rate and decrease the force of myocardial contractions by decreasing the sympathetic nervous system and increasing the parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

Define stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction

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10
Q

What is Frank’s Starling law of the heart?

A

As the blood volume increases in the left ventricle, the muscle fibers stretches and determines and generates the ejection force needed

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11
Q

Define preload?

A

The pressure generated in the left ventricle by the end of diastole. Determines the (afterload) force needed to eject the blood

12
Q

Define myocardial contractility?

A

The ability and strength of the heart muscle to contract (The more strength means the better the ability to squeeze blood out)

13
Q

Define afterload?

A

The resistance in the aorta that must be overcome to eject the blood out of the left ventricle

13
Q

A decrease in either heart rate or stroke volume will…?

A

Lead to a decrease in cardiac output

14
Q

Why does an extremely fast heart rate lead to decreased cardiac output?

A

The ventricles don’t have enough time between each contraction to fill reducing pre-load

15
Q

What is systemic vascular resistance?

A

The resistance of blood flowing through a vessel

15
Q

What is usually considered excessive tachycardia?

A

160+

16
Q

What is the correlation between vessel size and resistance?

A

Vasodilation means less resistance and less bp. Vasoconstriction means more resistance and more bp

17
Q

Why does left ventricular failure occur?

A

When there is high resistance in the blood causing the left ventricle to work harder to pump the blood out. Weakening the left ventricle over time

17
Q

When is pressure inside the vessels the greatest and least?

A

Greatest during systole (contraction/ejection) and least during diastole (relaxation)

18
Q

What is the basic measure of vascular resistance?

A

The beginning of diastole because it is the resting phase so it provides a baseline to measure the resistance

19
Q

How does the SNS affect the SVR?

A

Constricting vessels leads to increased resistance and increased pressure.

19
Q

Why does Congestive heart failure occur?

A

When there is high resistance in the blood causing the left ventricular to work harder to pump the blood out. Weakening the left ventricle over time

20
Q

How does PNS affect the SVR?

A

Dilating vessels leads to decreased vascular resistance and decreased pressure.

21
Q

How does Alpha 1 affect the SVR?

A

It constricts the vessels leading to an increase in resistance and increased pressure.

22
Q

Systolic bp is a relative indicator of what?

A

Cardiac output

22
Q

How does blood loss relate to SVR?

A

When there is less volume of blood, vessels may constrict to compensate for the lost blood by increasing pressure and increasing resistance. Hence why sometimes BP looks normal as if the patient has not lost blood but you must be wary and look for other signs and symptoms of blood loss such as cool skin temperature.

23
Q

Correlation between the increase and decrease of SVR to diastole?

A

An increase of SVR increases diastolic bp and a decrease of SVR decreases diastolic bp.

23
Q

Diastolic bp is a relative indicator of what?

A

SVR

24
Q

Define a narrow pulse pressure?

A

Less than 25 percent of systolic pressure

24
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure readings.

25
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Stretch sensitive receptors that detect changes in bp

26
Q

As a patient loses his blood, the following occurs…

A

blood loss decreases venous volume which decreases preload which decreases stroke volume which decreases cardiac output

27
Q

Pathophysiology of baroreceptors?

A

As they sense changes in bp, they send impulses to the cardio regulatory center to make changes to regulate the bp

28
Q

When bp decreases…

A

A decrease in bp lowers bararector stretch which lowers impulses to medulla which decreases PNS which increases SNS which increases HR which increases contractiliy which increases bp

28
Q

When bp increases…

A

A Increase in bp increases baroreceptors stretch which increases impulses to medulla which increases PNS which decreases SNS which decreases HR which decreases contractiliy which decreases bp

EMS VTCTA (6 decks)

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