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Oncology > Pathophysiology of Cancer > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Cell growth is uncoordinated and uncontrolled due to lack of normal controls over cell growth and division

A

cancer

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2
Q

These cells are not growing unchecked. They still resemble the cells of the tissue from which they arose. The body has signaled the need for these cells

A

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

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3
Q

Process of cell division. Development of new to replace the old or just to make more as needed

A

proliferation

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4
Q

Cells become more specialized with each mitotic division

A

differentiation

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5
Q

Programmed cell death. Necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis

A

apoptosis

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6
Q

Phase of cell cycle where cellular contents excluding the chromosomes are duplicated

A

G1

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7
Q

Phase of the cell cycle where each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell

A

S

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8
Q

Phase of the cell cycle where the cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes and makes repairs

A

G2

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9
Q

Proteins that control the entry and progression of cells through the cell cycle. Bind to CDKs to activate them

A

cyclins

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10
Q

Important in regulating cell cycle checkpoints during which mistakes in DNA replication are repaired

A

CKD inhibitors

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11
Q

basis for development of new cancer treatment drugs

A

Manipulation of cyclins, CDKs and CKIs

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12
Q

responsible for regenerating a specific line of cells

A

Progenitor/Parent cells

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13
Q

less differentiated then progenitor cells and they can produce multiple types of progenitor cells

A

stem cells

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14
Q

Noncancerous tumors. Well differentiated cells that resemble their tissue of origin

A

benign neoplasms

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15
Q

Grow rapidly, invade and destroy nearby tissue. Poorly differentiated cells. More cells seen in mitosis due to rapid proliferation

A

malignant neoplasms

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16
Q

Benign, contains finger like projections and grow on any surface

A

papilloma (wart)

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17
Q

Loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue

A

anaplasia

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18
Q

Cells and the nuclei are variable in size and shape

A

pleomorphic

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19
Q

Explain the grading scale of the degree of anaplasia

A

Grading scale I-IV: Grade I well differentiated and Grade IV poorly differentiated with marked anaplasia

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20
Q

Differences between the rate of growth for benign and malignant tumors

A

benign-progressive and slow. malignant- variable; the more undifferentiated the cells, the more rapid the rate of growth

21
Q

Type of tumor that is usually encapsulated

A

benign

22
Q

Type of tumor that Gains access to blood and lymph channels to metastasize to other areas of the body

A

malignant

23
Q

category of malignant neoplasm that start out in a specific location. Cells may detach from the tumor mass and invade surrounding tissue. Enter blood or lymph system and spread to distant sites

A

solid tumors

24
Q

catagory of malignant neoplasms that are Cells normally found in the blood and lymph. Disease is widespread at the onset

A

hematologic cancers

25
Q

Localized. The cells have not crossed the basement membrane. Usually can be removed surgically or locally treated with low recurrence rates

A

Carcinoma in situ

26
Q

A hallmark of cancer. High frequency of mutations in cancer cells may be due to a mutation phenotype, chromosomes are lost or gained, and intrachromosomal instability

A

genetic instability

27
Q

T/F Cancer cells can proliferate without signaling from growth factors and some cancers produce their own growth factors

A

true

28
Q

Term used to describe how cells often stop growing when they come in contact with each other. Cancer cells often ignore this rule

A

Cell density-dependent inhibition

29
Q

What is different about the cell cohesiveness and adhesion of cancer cells compared to normal cells?

A

Cancer cells don’t stick together as tightly as normal cells. Permits shedding of the tumor’s surface cells

30
Q

What is different about the lifespan of cancer cells compared to normal cells?

A

Cancer cells have an unlimited life span in contrast to normal cells and can divide an infinite amount of times

31
Q

clinically useful as markers to indicate the presence, recurrence or progressive growth of cancer

A

tumor antigens

32
Q

How does cancer spread by direct invasion and extension?

A

Seeding of cancer cells into body cavities. Spread through the blood or lymph pathways

33
Q

Occurs when a tumor sheds cells into body cavities. Can be a complication of surgical excision

A

Seeding

34
Q

initial lymph node into which the primary tumor drains

A

sentinel node

35
Q

The ratio of dividing cells to resting cells

A

growth fraction

36
Q

Length of time it takes for the total mass of cells in a tumor to double. May decrease over time if blood supply becomes limited

A

doubling time

37
Q

Has doubled 30 times. Contains more than 1 billion cells. Usually undetectable at smaller sizes

A

1 cm tumor mass

38
Q

Gene overactivity. Normal genes that become cancer causing genes if mutated. Newly created genes from mutations

A

Protooncogenes

39
Q

Gene underactivity creates an environment in which cancer is promoted. Protective against disruption of the DNA

A

Tumor suppressor genes

40
Q

Mutations in this gene have been associated with lung, breast, and colon cancer

A

TP53

41
Q

Results in the cell being vulnerable to cancer. Carcinogenic agents then produce irreversible changes in the genome of a previously normal cell

A

initiation

42
Q

Growth is triggered by growth factors and chemicals. Can be reversible if the promoter substance is removed

A

promotion

43
Q

When tumor cells acquire malignant phenotypic changes to promote invasion, metastasis and growth

A

carcinogenesis

44
Q

hypothesis suggests the immune system plays a key role in resistance against the development of tumors

A

immune surveillance hypothesis

45
Q

among the most potent of the procarcinogens. Produced from animal fat in the process of charcoal-broiling meats, Present in smoked meats and fish, and present in cigarette smoke – produced in the combustion of tobacco

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

46
Q

Can alter retinoid metabolism which is a needed antioxidant. Enhances the carcinogenic effects of cigarette smoke

A

alcohol

47
Q

Name the four DNA viruses associated with human cancers

A

HPV, EBV (Epstein-Barr virus), HBV (Hepatitis B virus), HHV-8 (Human herpesvirus-8)

48
Q

What happens when you’re infected with EBV with a normal or abnoraml immune system?

A

Normal immune function = infectious mononucleosis. Abnormal immune function or concurrent infection = sustained B-lymphocyte proliferation

49
Q

Only known retrovirus to cause cancer in humans. Endemic in parts of Japan. Transmission of infected T cells through sexual intercourse, blood or breast milk

A

Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1)

Oncology (13 decks)

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