Pathophysiology - Cardiology Flashcards
test 2
1
Q
What is the circulatory system?
A
- Transports oxygen and nutrients for metabolic process
- Carries waster products
- Circulates electrolytes and hormones
2
Q
What is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in the US?
A
Cardiovascular disease
3
Q
Common signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disorders
A
Chest pain, edema, shock, fever, kidney disorders, circulation problems, breathing problems, bluish skin discoloration, fainting, fatigue, coughing, heat palpation, dyspnea, cardiac syncope, vasovagal syncope
4
Q
What is dyspnea?
A
Shortness of breath
5
Q
What are types of dyspnea?
A
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea: sudden episodes while sleeping
- orthopnea: breathless while laying down
6
Q
What is cardiac syncope?
A
Heart cannot pump enough blood leadings to low BP
7
Q
What is the cause of cardiac syncope?
A
Arrhythmias, aortic dissection, orthostatic hypotension, CAD, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypoglycemia, vertebral artery insufficiency
8
Q
Risks of cardiac syncope
A
Alcohol, lower BMI, DM, elevated plasma, glucose
9
Q
What is vasovagal syncope?
A
Strong parasympathetic response that leads to vasodilation from prolonged standing
10
Q
What can occur because of fear of needles or blood transfusion
A
vasovagal syncope
11
Q
Common signs and symptoms of CVD
A
fatigue, coughing, cyanosis, peripheral edema, ascites, claudication
12
Q
T or F?
Cyanosis is the lack of blood and oxygen to nail beds and lips
A
True (cyan = blue)
13
Q
T or F?
Ascites are abdominal distention
A
True
14
Q
What is a Electrocardiogram (ECG)?
A
Machine with electrodes that amplify electrical impulses from the heart
15
Q
What is ausculation?
A
stethoscope used to detect valvular abnormalities and murmurs
16
Q
What is a stress test?
A
Assess cardiovascular function and check for exercise induced problems
17
Q
What do chest x-rays show?
A
Heart shape, size, and possible pulmonary congestion
18
Q
What are positron emission tomography scans (PET)?
A
Imaging that produce 3D body imaging
19
Q
What is cardiac catheterization?
A
A catheter through a blood vessel into a ventricle to determine a heart function
20
Q
What is a coronary angiography?
A
X-ray visualization of blood vessels, looking at blood flow and obstructions
21
Q
What is a doppler ultrasound?
A
Assess blood flow through sound waves
22
Q
What is arterial blood gas deermination?
A
- to check oxygen, CO2, and PH levels
- determines how well lungs are moving oxygen in the blood and removing CO2
23
Q
What is coronary artery disease?
A
Affected arteries that are marked by atherosclerotic deposits with thrombus blocking them
24
Q
Signs and symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease?
A
First symptom of angina pectoris (chest pain), leading to a burning, squeezing, crushing pain
25
What is the etiology of CAD?
- arteries narrow and develop atherosclerosis (plaque) because of fat substance plaque
- arteriosclerosis (hardening)
26
Risk factors of CAD?
Genetic predisposition, over 40 yo, male, postmenopausal, white race, smoking, diabetes, obesity, stress, elevated cholesterol
27
Tx of CAD
Restore adequate blood flow to myocardium, beta blockers, coronary artery bypass surgery, angioplasty
28
What is coronary artery bypass graft?
removal of venous tissue from LE and transplanted to the heart
29
Prognosis of CAD
depends on tx response, diet, exercise
30
What is angina pectoris?
chest pain after exertion from reduced oxygen supply to myocardium
31
Three types of angina pectoris
- stable (exertional) angina: most common, due to plaque build up
- unstable anginaL requires emergency treatment because it is unrelieved by rest or medication
- prinzmetal/variants angina: rare, caused by spasms that narrow the artery
32
Signs and symptoms of angina pectoris
sudden onset of left sided chest pain, dyspnea, increased BP, arrhythmias
33
Difference between heartburn and cardiac problems
heartburn: slight pain and radiate outward
cardiac problems: sudden pressure, tightening, squeezing, crushing, chest pain
34
Etiology of angina pectoris
- vessels cannot supply enough due to atherosclerosis
- coronary artery spasms
-cardiac ischemia
35
dx of angina pectoris
prior hx of chest pain, ECG confirmation if ischemia
36
tx of angina pectoris
end strenuous activity, nitroglycerin tablets (vasodilator)
37
prognosis of angina pectoris
depends on the arterial blockage, diet, exercise, lifestyle
38
What is myocardial infraction (heart attack)?
Sudden death of segment of the heart muscle due to an abrupt interruption of the blood flow to the heart
39
T or F?
After taking nitroglycerin three times and symptoms are not relieved it becomes and emergency
True
40
Signs and symptoms of myocardial infraction
crushing pain, left sided chest constriction, radiating pain left arm, back, and jaw
41
Etiology of myocardial infraction
insufficient oxygen supply
42
dx of myocardial infractions
administeroxygen, morphine, aspirin
43
prognosis of myocardial infraction
65% in the first hour, late death depends on if there were complications
44
What is arrythmia?
Deviation of a normal heartbeat
45
What is congestive heart failure?
Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's homeostasis
46
Signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure
dyspnea, anxiety, R side liver and spleen enlarged, L side increased pulmonary congestion and respiratory problems
47
What is cardiac arrest?
Sudden cessation of cardiac activity
48
Prognosis of cardiac arrest
Depends on resuscitation time
49
T or F?
Brain cells begin to die in cardiac arrest after 4-6 minutes and brain death at 10 minutes
True
50
What is cardimyopathy?
Non inflammatory disease of cardiac muscle leading to enlargement of the myocardium and ventricular dysfunction
51
T or F?
Cardiomyopathy is the most common direct cause of sudden death
False - it is the second most common direct cause of sudden death
52
Signs and symptoms of cardiomyopathy
dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, tachycardia, chest pain, hepatic congestion, peripheral edema, cardiac murmurs
53
Cardiomyopathy etiology
Usually unknown
54
Dx of cardiomyopathy
pt hx, physical exam, x-ray, biopsy, cardiac catheterization
55
Cardiomyopathy prognosis
Better with medication, can be fatal
56
What is carditis?
Inflammation of the heart tissue due to infection or immune system problems
57
Three forms of carditis?
1. Pericarditis (pericardium)
2. Myocarditis (muscular walls of the heart)
3. Endocarditis (lining and valves of the heart)
58
Signs and symptoms of pericarditis
fever, malaise, chest pain, dyspnea, chills
59
Myocarditis signs and symptoms
Palpitations, fatigue, dyspnea, fever, arrhythmia, chest tenderness
60
Endocarditis signs and symptoms
Fever, chills, night sweats, weakness, anorexia, fatigue
61
Etiology of carditis (three types)
1. Pericarditis: idiopathic or infection
2. Myocarditis: complication of diseases
3. Endocarditis: drug use, rheumatic disease
62
What is valvular heart disease?
Harming of any of the heart valves
63
T or F?
The mitral valve is most affected in valvular heart disease
True
64
Signs and symptoms of valvular heart disease
Fatigue, cough, palpation, hemoptysis, cyanosis, heart murmur, apical pulse, diastolic murmur
65
Etiology of valvular heart disease
- mitral stenosis: rheumatic heart disease
- aortic insufficiency: aortic valve abnormalities
66
dx of valvular heart disease
heart murmur, pt hx, cardiac catheterization, doppler echocardiography, chest x-ray
67
tx of valvular heart disease
limit sodium intake, oxygen therapy, diuretics
68
What is rheumatic heart disease?
Damage to the heart from rheumatic fever, systemic inflammatory, and autoimmune disease that involves joint and cardiac tissue
69
Signs and symptoms of rheumatic heart disease
sore throat, rheumatic fever, valve damage, tachycardia, edema, dyspnea
70
dx of rheumatic heart disease
chest x-ray, ECG, lab testing, rheumatic fever, cardiac murmur
71
tx of rheumatic heart disease
penicillin
72
What is hypertension?
Abnormally high BP
73
Signs and symptoms of hypertension
epistaxis (nosebleed), headache, lightheadedness, syncope
74
Etiology of hypertenstion
Unknown. Could be related to stress, age, hx, type A personalities, lifestyle
75
Hypertension tx
beta blockers, lifestyle change, diuretics
76
T or F?
Malignant hypertension is the sagest hypertension
False, malignant hypertension is life threatening where BP is 200/120
77
What is orthostatic hypotension?
- aka postural hypotension
- systolic decrease of 20 or 10 in both diastolic and systolic
- increased pulse of 15 from sitting to standing
78
Who is most at risk to get orthostatic hypotension?
Older adults
79
What is shock?
Low BP leading to decreased tissue, organ profusion, not getting enough oxygen
80
Look at shock table 14-5 on pg 302
81
Signs and symptoms of shock
cold, clammy, cyanosis, tachycardia, altered mental status, anuria, olguria
82
dx of shock
medical hx, physical exam, BP < 90/50
83
tx of shock
laying on back, providing warms, elevating legs
84
Types of shock (5)
anaphylactic, cardiogenic, hypovolemic, neurogenic, septic
85
What is an aneurysm?
Weakening and dilation of the wall of an artery
86
Types of aneurysm (3)
saccular, fusiform, dissecting
87
Saccular aneurysm
increased arterial pressure that bulges on one artery side
88
Fusiform aneurysm
Weakened arterial wall that creates a spindle shape
89
Dissecting aneurysm
Blood forced through arterial wall that separates and creates false lumen
90
What is the most common aneurysm?
Abdominal aortic aneurysm, pt can show back pain
91
Etiology of aneurysm
Build up of atherosclerotic plaque, trauma, inflammation
92
dx of aneurysm
CT, MRI, ultrasound, radiographic
93
What is vasculitis?
Destroys blood vessels by inflammation
94
Dx of vasculitis
Lab tests
95
Tx of vasculitis
Stopping inflammation and suppressing immune system (usually through steroids)
96
What is plebitis?
Inflammation of a vein
- mainly in the leg
97
What is thrombophlebitis?
Inflammation of a vein and formation of thrombus (clot) in the vessel wall
98
T or F?
In thrombophlebitis you will see the same edema amount in each leg
False - one has extreme edema compared to the other
99
Intervention of thrombophelbitis
immediate, heparin, antibiotic, surgery
100
T or F?
Arterial thrombosis can lead to heart attacks or strokes
True
101
Deep vein thrombosis affects...
lower leg, thighs, pelvis - with clots in femoral and pelvic veins
102
What is a pulmonary embolism?
Lodging of blood clot in pulmonary arter
103
Signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism
dyspnea, chest pain, anxiety, rales, tachycardia, fever
104
T or F?
Pulmonary embolism always has to have symptoms
False - can show no symptoms and be cardiac arrest
105
Pulmonary embolism etiology
DVT (deep vein thrombosis)
106
Dx of pulmonary embolism
d-dimer test, screening, pulse ox, chest x-ray (CT scan!! with contrast)
107
tx of pulmonary embolism
oxygen, vasopressors, heparin, anticoagulants, continual monitoring for complications
108
T or F?
Pulmonary embolism prognosis is good
False - depends on amt of lung tissue affected (infraction?)
109
What are varicose veins?
swollen, twisted, knotted veins, can cause cramps
110
What is Raynauds disease?
Vasospstic condition that bilaterally affects the hands, or feet with exposure to cold or stress
111
What is buergers disease?
aka thromboangiitis obliterans
- inflammation of the peripheral arteries and veins of extremities with formation of clots
112
How can buergers disease be presented?
Pain in affected area of cold, cyanosis, numb feet from reduced blood flow, red, tingles
113
Incidence of buergers disease
age 20-40 and smoke heavily
114
Tx of buergers disease
smoking cessation, ambulation, surgery, amputation
