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PTA > Pathophysiology - Cardiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology - Cardiology Flashcards

test 2

1
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A
  • Transports oxygen and nutrients for metabolic process
  • Carries waster products
  • Circulates electrolytes and hormones
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2
Q

What is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in the US?

A

Cardiovascular disease

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3
Q

Common signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disorders

A

Chest pain, edema, shock, fever, kidney disorders, circulation problems, breathing problems, bluish skin discoloration, fainting, fatigue, coughing, heat palpation, dyspnea, cardiac syncope, vasovagal syncope

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4
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Shortness of breath

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5
Q

What are types of dyspnea?

A
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea: sudden episodes while sleeping
  • orthopnea: breathless while laying down
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6
Q

What is cardiac syncope?

A

Heart cannot pump enough blood leadings to low BP

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7
Q

What is the cause of cardiac syncope?

A

Arrhythmias, aortic dissection, orthostatic hypotension, CAD, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypoglycemia, vertebral artery insufficiency

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8
Q

Risks of cardiac syncope

A

Alcohol, lower BMI, DM, elevated plasma, glucose

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9
Q

What is vasovagal syncope?

A

Strong parasympathetic response that leads to vasodilation from prolonged standing

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10
Q

What can occur because of fear of needles or blood transfusion

A

vasovagal syncope

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11
Q

Common signs and symptoms of CVD

A

fatigue, coughing, cyanosis, peripheral edema, ascites, claudication

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12
Q

T or F?
Cyanosis is the lack of blood and oxygen to nail beds and lips

A

True (cyan = blue)

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13
Q

T or F?
Ascites are abdominal distention

A

True

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14
Q

What is a Electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

Machine with electrodes that amplify electrical impulses from the heart

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15
Q

What is ausculation?

A

stethoscope used to detect valvular abnormalities and murmurs

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16
Q

What is a stress test?

A

Assess cardiovascular function and check for exercise induced problems

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17
Q

What do chest x-rays show?

A

Heart shape, size, and possible pulmonary congestion

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18
Q

What are positron emission tomography scans (PET)?

A

Imaging that produce 3D body imaging

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19
Q

What is cardiac catheterization?

A

A catheter through a blood vessel into a ventricle to determine a heart function

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20
Q

What is a coronary angiography?

A

X-ray visualization of blood vessels, looking at blood flow and obstructions

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21
Q

What is a doppler ultrasound?

A

Assess blood flow through sound waves

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22
Q

What is arterial blood gas deermination?

A
  • to check oxygen, CO2, and PH levels
  • determines how well lungs are moving oxygen in the blood and removing CO2
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23
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

Affected arteries that are marked by atherosclerotic deposits with thrombus blocking them

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24
Q

Signs and symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease?

A

First symptom of angina pectoris (chest pain), leading to a burning, squeezing, crushing pain

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25
Q

What is the etiology of CAD?

A
  • arteries narrow and develop atherosclerosis (plaque) because of fat substance plaque
  • arteriosclerosis (hardening)
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26
Q

Risk factors of CAD?

A

Genetic predisposition, over 40 yo, male, postmenopausal, white race, smoking, diabetes, obesity, stress, elevated cholesterol

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27
Q

Tx of CAD

A

Restore adequate blood flow to myocardium, beta blockers, coronary artery bypass surgery, angioplasty

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28
Q

What is coronary artery bypass graft?

A

removal of venous tissue from LE and transplanted to the heart

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29
Q

Prognosis of CAD

A

depends on tx response, diet, exercise

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30
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

chest pain after exertion from reduced oxygen supply to myocardium

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31
Q

Three types of angina pectoris

A
  • stable (exertional) angina: most common, due to plaque build up
  • unstable anginaL requires emergency treatment because it is unrelieved by rest or medication
  • prinzmetal/variants angina: rare, caused by spasms that narrow the artery
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32
Q

Signs and symptoms of angina pectoris

A

sudden onset of left sided chest pain, dyspnea, increased BP, arrhythmias

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33
Q

Difference between heartburn and cardiac problems

A

heartburn: slight pain and radiate outward
cardiac problems: sudden pressure, tightening, squeezing, crushing, chest pain

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34
Q

Etiology of angina pectoris

A
  • vessels cannot supply enough due to atherosclerosis
  • coronary artery spasms
    -cardiac ischemia
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35
Q

dx of angina pectoris

A

prior hx of chest pain, ECG confirmation if ischemia

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36
Q

tx of angina pectoris

A

end strenuous activity, nitroglycerin tablets (vasodilator)

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37
Q

prognosis of angina pectoris

A

depends on the arterial blockage, diet, exercise, lifestyle

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38
Q

What is myocardial infraction (heart attack)?

A

Sudden death of segment of the heart muscle due to an abrupt interruption of the blood flow to the heart

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39
Q

T or F?
After taking nitroglycerin three times and symptoms are not relieved it becomes and emergency

A

True

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40
Q

Signs and symptoms of myocardial infraction

A

crushing pain, left sided chest constriction, radiating pain left arm, back, and jaw

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41
Q

Etiology of myocardial infraction

A

insufficient oxygen supply

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42
Q

dx of myocardial infractions

A

administeroxygen, morphine, aspirin

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43
Q

prognosis of myocardial infraction

A

65% in the first hour, late death depends on if there were complications

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44
Q

What is arrythmia?

A

Deviation of a normal heartbeat

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45
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body’s homeostasis

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46
Q

Signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure

A

dyspnea, anxiety, R side liver and spleen enlarged, L side increased pulmonary congestion and respiratory problems

47
Q

What is cardiac arrest?

A

Sudden cessation of cardiac activity

48
Q

Prognosis of cardiac arrest

A

Depends on resuscitation time

49
Q

T or F?
Brain cells begin to die in cardiac arrest after 4-6 minutes and brain death at 10 minutes

A

True

50
Q

What is cardimyopathy?

A

Non inflammatory disease of cardiac muscle leading to enlargement of the myocardium and ventricular dysfunction

51
Q

T or F?
Cardiomyopathy is the most common direct cause of sudden death

A

False - it is the second most common direct cause of sudden death

52
Q

Signs and symptoms of cardiomyopathy

A

dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, tachycardia, chest pain, hepatic congestion, peripheral edema, cardiac murmurs

53
Q

Cardiomyopathy etiology

A

Usually unknown

54
Q

Dx of cardiomyopathy

A

pt hx, physical exam, x-ray, biopsy, cardiac catheterization

55
Q

Cardiomyopathy prognosis

A

Better with medication, can be fatal

56
Q

What is carditis?

A

Inflammation of the heart tissue due to infection or immune system problems

57
Q

Three forms of carditis?

A
  1. Pericarditis (pericardium)
  2. Myocarditis (muscular walls of the heart)
  3. Endocarditis (lining and valves of the heart)
58
Q

Signs and symptoms of pericarditis

A

fever, malaise, chest pain, dyspnea, chills

59
Q

Myocarditis signs and symptoms

A

Palpitations, fatigue, dyspnea, fever, arrhythmia, chest tenderness

60
Q

Endocarditis signs and symptoms

A

Fever, chills, night sweats, weakness, anorexia, fatigue

61
Q

Etiology of carditis (three types)

A
  1. Pericarditis: idiopathic or infection
  2. Myocarditis: complication of diseases
  3. Endocarditis: drug use, rheumatic disease
62
Q

What is valvular heart disease?

A

Harming of any of the heart valves

63
Q

T or F?
The mitral valve is most affected in valvular heart disease

A

True

64
Q

Signs and symptoms of valvular heart disease

A

Fatigue, cough, palpation, hemoptysis, cyanosis, heart murmur, apical pulse, diastolic murmur

65
Q

Etiology of valvular heart disease

A
  • mitral stenosis: rheumatic heart disease
  • aortic insufficiency: aortic valve abnormalities
66
Q

dx of valvular heart disease

A

heart murmur, pt hx, cardiac catheterization, doppler echocardiography, chest x-ray

67
Q

tx of valvular heart disease

A

limit sodium intake, oxygen therapy, diuretics

68
Q

What is rheumatic heart disease?

A

Damage to the heart from rheumatic fever, systemic inflammatory, and autoimmune disease that involves joint and cardiac tissue

69
Q

Signs and symptoms of rheumatic heart disease

A

sore throat, rheumatic fever, valve damage, tachycardia, edema, dyspnea

70
Q

dx of rheumatic heart disease

A

chest x-ray, ECG, lab testing, rheumatic fever, cardiac murmur

71
Q

tx of rheumatic heart disease

A

penicillin

72
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Abnormally high BP

73
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypertension

A

epistaxis (nosebleed), headache, lightheadedness, syncope

74
Q

Etiology of hypertenstion

A

Unknown. Could be related to stress, age, hx, type A personalities, lifestyle

75
Q

Hypertension tx

A

beta blockers, lifestyle change, diuretics

76
Q

T or F?
Malignant hypertension is the sagest hypertension

A

False, malignant hypertension is life threatening where BP is 200/120

77
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A
  • aka postural hypotension
  • systolic decrease of 20 or 10 in both diastolic and systolic
  • increased pulse of 15 from sitting to standing
78
Q

Who is most at risk to get orthostatic hypotension?

A

Older adults

79
Q

What is shock?

A

Low BP leading to decreased tissue, organ profusion, not getting enough oxygen

80
Q

Look at shock table 14-5 on pg 302

A
81
Q

Signs and symptoms of shock

A

cold, clammy, cyanosis, tachycardia, altered mental status, anuria, olguria

82
Q

dx of shock

A

medical hx, physical exam, BP < 90/50

83
Q

tx of shock

A

laying on back, providing warms, elevating legs

84
Q

Types of shock (5)

A

anaphylactic, cardiogenic, hypovolemic, neurogenic, septic

85
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Weakening and dilation of the wall of an artery

86
Q

Types of aneurysm (3)

A

saccular, fusiform, dissecting

87
Q

Saccular aneurysm

A

increased arterial pressure that bulges on one artery side

88
Q

Fusiform aneurysm

A

Weakened arterial wall that creates a spindle shape

89
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

Blood forced through arterial wall that separates and creates false lumen

90
Q

What is the most common aneurysm?

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm, pt can show back pain

91
Q

Etiology of aneurysm

A

Build up of atherosclerotic plaque, trauma, inflammation

92
Q

dx of aneurysm

A

CT, MRI, ultrasound, radiographic

93
Q

What is vasculitis?

A

Destroys blood vessels by inflammation

94
Q

Dx of vasculitis

A

Lab tests

95
Q

Tx of vasculitis

A

Stopping inflammation and suppressing immune system (usually through steroids)

96
Q

What is plebitis?

A

Inflammation of a vein
- mainly in the leg

97
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

A

Inflammation of a vein and formation of thrombus (clot) in the vessel wall

98
Q

T or F?
In thrombophlebitis you will see the same edema amount in each leg

A

False - one has extreme edema compared to the other

99
Q

Intervention of thrombophelbitis

A

immediate, heparin, antibiotic, surgery

100
Q

T or F?
Arterial thrombosis can lead to heart attacks or strokes

A

True

101
Q

Deep vein thrombosis affects…

A

lower leg, thighs, pelvis - with clots in femoral and pelvic veins

102
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

Lodging of blood clot in pulmonary arter

103
Q

Signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism

A

dyspnea, chest pain, anxiety, rales, tachycardia, fever

104
Q

T or F?
Pulmonary embolism always has to have symptoms

A

False - can show no symptoms and be cardiac arrest

105
Q

Pulmonary embolism etiology

A

DVT (deep vein thrombosis)

106
Q

Dx of pulmonary embolism

A

d-dimer test, screening, pulse ox, chest x-ray (CT scan!! with contrast)

107
Q

tx of pulmonary embolism

A

oxygen, vasopressors, heparin, anticoagulants, continual monitoring for complications

108
Q

T or F?
Pulmonary embolism prognosis is good

A

False - depends on amt of lung tissue affected (infraction?)

109
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

swollen, twisted, knotted veins, can cause cramps

110
Q

What is Raynauds disease?

A

Vasospstic condition that bilaterally affects the hands, or feet with exposure to cold or stress

111
Q

What is buergers disease?

A

aka thromboangiitis obliterans
- inflammation of the peripheral arteries and veins of extremities with formation of clots

112
Q

How can buergers disease be presented?

A

Pain in affected area of cold, cyanosis, numb feet from reduced blood flow, red, tingles

113
Q

Incidence of buergers disease

A

age 20-40 and smoke heavily

114
Q

Tx of buergers disease

A

smoking cessation, ambulation, surgery, amputation

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